1
Q
What is the appearance of an ixodidae (hard) tick?
A
distinctive scutum on dorsum
2
Q
What is the appearance of argasidae (soft) ticks?
A
no scutum present, often found on birds
3
Q
What is the chelicara?
A
helps to embed the tick’s mouthpart into the host
4
Q
What is a hypostome?
A
the tick’s mouthpart
5
Q
What does tick saliva contain?
A
- vasoactive prostaglandins
- anti coagulants
- cytoloytic agents (enzymes)
- chemotactic agents (histamine and serotonin)
6
Q
What is questing?
A
when the tick crawls onto vegetation, waiting to attach to a host
7
Q
What can ticks cause?
A
- blood loss and anaemia
- inflammation
- lesions
- reduced body condition and productivity
- tick paralysis
- tick borne disease
8
Q
What are the modes of transmission of tick borne disease?
A
- trans stadial
- trans ovarial
9
Q
What tick is the most important in the UK?
A
ixodes ricinus
10
Q
What is the lifecycle of ixodes ricinus?
A
- eggs hatch on pasture
- larvae feed on host 1
- larvae detach and moult to nymph on pasture
- nymphs feed on host 2
- nymps detach and moult to adults on pasture
- adults feed on host 3 and drop off when fully fed
11
Q
What are the preferred hosts of dermacentor reticulatus?
A
dogs, cats and wild mammals
12
Q
What type of habitat do dermacentor reticulatus live in?
A
moist habitats
13
Q
What disease does dermacentor reticulatus transmit?
How long does it take for dermacentor reticulatus to complete its lifecycle?
A
1 year
14
Q
What is rhipicephalus sanguineus also known as?
How long does it take for rhipicephalus sanguineus to complete its lifecycle?
A
3 months
15
Q
Which geographical location is rhipicephalus sanguineus found?
A
Not in the UK yet, found in the Mediterranean
16
Q
What does rhipicephalus sanguineus transmit?
A
babesia canis, hepatozoon canis, ehrlichia
17
Q
What are the tick borne diseases of livestock?
A
- louping ill
- babesiosis
- anaplasmosis
- pyaemia
- tick borne fever
18
Q
What are the tick borne diseases of dogs?
A
- lyme borreliosis
- canine ehrlichiosis
- babesiosis
19
Q
What is lyme disease caused by?
A
the bacteria borrelia burgdorferi
20
Q
What does louping ill infect?
A
sheep and grouse
21
Q
What are the signs of louping ill?
A
- incoordination
- tremors
- high stepping or leaping gait
22
Q
What are the life stages of fleas?
A
egg, larva, pupa, adult
23
Q
Where are flea eggs laid?
A
on the host
24
Q
When do flea eggs hatch?
A
1-10 days after being laid
25
What do flea larvae do after hatching?
burrow down deep into surfaces for protection
26
What can stimulate pupae to molt into adults?
- increasing temperature
- mechanical pressure
27
What area of the animal do fleas prefer?
the back and the base of the tail
28
What are the consequences of flea infestation?
- pruritis
- hypersensitivity
- anaemia
- vector borne diseases
- human contact
29
What can pruritis cause?
- alopecia
- excoriation
- self wounding
30
What are ctenidia?
spines present on the rostral part of fleas
31
What flea species have ctenidia?
- ceratophillus
- ctenocephalides canis
- ctenocephalides felis
- spilopsyllus cuniculi
32
What is the appearance of ceratophillus?
ctenidia are located on the back of the head
33
What is the appearance of ctenocephalides canis?
- D shaped head
- shorter mouth ctenidia
34
What is the appearance of ctenocephalides felis?
- more pointed head than c.canis
- both sets of ctenidia are the same length
35
What is the appearance of spilopsyllus cuniculi?
round prominence on top of the head
36
What species does ctenocephalides felis affect?
livestock, cats and dogs
37
What species does ceratophillus mainly affect?
bids
38
What are the clinical signs of myxomatosis?
lumps and puffiness around the head and genitals
39
How can fleas be diagnosed?
- using a comb to collect flea dirt
- microscopy to detect faeces and sometimes eggs
40
What pathogens can ctenocephalides felis carry?
- bartonella
- coxiella burmetii
- haemoplasmas
- rickettsia felis/typhi
- yersinia pestis
41
What are the types of lice?
- anoplura
- amblycera
- ischnocera
42
What are anoplura?
sucking lice, affect mammals
43
What are amblycera and ischnocera?
chewing lice, affect birds and mammals
44
What is the appearance of sucking lice?
pointed mouthparts
45
What is the appearance of chewing lice?
broad head
46
What are the effects of lice infestations?
- pruritis
- alopecia
- exoriation
- anaemia in high burdens
- may be vectors
47
What are the species of chewing lice?
- bovicola
- felicola subrostratus
- trichodectes canis
- menacanthus stramineus
48
What species does the bovicola species of lice affect?
cattle, sheep and horses
49
What animals are most susceptible to felicola subrostratus?
elderly and chronically ill cats
50
What species of lice can carry dipylidium caninum?
trichodectes canis
51
What are the species of sucking lice?
- haematopinus
- linognathus
52
What are the types of haematopinus lice?
- H.suis (pigs)
- H.asini (equines)
- H.eurysternus (cattle)
53
What species can linognathus affect?
sheep, cattle and dogs
54
What are myiases?
infestations of the organs or tissues of host animals by the larval stages of flies
55
What do secondary myiases target?
diseased/dead tissues
56
What is the lifecycle of oestrus ovis?
- larvae squirted into nasal opening of sheep
- larvae crawl into nasal passages, moult and grow
- adults vacate the nose to complete lifecycle
57
What are the signs of an oestrus ovis infestation?
- sneezing
- head tilt if severe
58
What drug is oestrus ovis susceptible to?
macrolytic lactones e.g. ivermectin
59
Where does gasterophilus lay eggs?
on the legs and around the mouths of horses
60
What is the lifecycle of gasterophilus?
- eggs laid on limbs or around mouth
- larvae migrate into the mouth and into the stomach
- then attach to the stomach mucosa
- then passed out via the faeces
61
What drugs is gasterophilus susceptible to?
macrolytic lactones
62
What makes the warble fly (hypoderma) different from other species?
it has no mouthparts
63
What is the process of warble fly (hypoderma) larval migration?
- eggs laid on the skin
- larvae penetrate through hair follicles and migrate
- emerge into a warble and exit through pores
64
Where can warble fly (hypoderma) larvae overwinter?
- spinal cord
- epidural space
- smooth muscle
- oesophagus
65
What can lucilia sericata cause?
fly strike in sheep and rabbits
66
Where do lucilia sericata lay their eggs?
damaged/soiled skin, usually around the perineum
67
What weather conditions increase fly strike?
- warmer, wetter winters
- wetter summer/autumn
68
What can increase the risk of fly strike in rabbits?
- increased starch in diet causing diarrhoea
- inadequate grooming behaviours
69
What fly has no wings?
melophagus ovinus
70
What do hippoboscidae usually cause?
painful bites
71
What are tabinidae flies?
What can tabinidae flies cause?
horse flies
---
- painful bites
- hypersensitivity
- vectors for disease
72
What is stomoxys calcitrans?
What is stomoxys calcitrans associated with?
stable fly
---
bedding and faeces
73
What does stomoxys calcitrans cause?
painful bites and grazing disturbances
74
What is stomoxys calcitrans a vector for?
dermatophilosis
75
What is haematobia irritans?
What is hydrotaea irritans?
horn fly, causes blood loss in cattle
---
sheep head fly, feeds on wounds of the head
76
What does hydrotaea irritans cause?
What does hydrotaea irritans feed on?
summer mastitis, as it is a vector for many bacteria
---
tears, saliva, sweat, wounds and blood
77
What does musca autumnalis feed on?
What does musca autumnalis cause?
secretions of the eyes, nose and mouth
---
- keratoconjunctivitis
- disturbed grazing
78
What is musca autumnalis a vector for?
moraxella bovis, which causes pink eye/new forest disease
79
What is the sandfly a vector for?
leishmaniosis
80
What are culicoides?
What can hypersensitivity to culicoides cause?
biting midges, affecting horses
---
sweat itch
81
What are culicoides vectors for?
blue tongue and schmelenburg virus
AD2
flashcards
Decks in class (39)
# Cards
-
Receptor theory12
-
Drug receptor interactions21
-
Pharmacokinetics42
-
Anti-inflammatories85
-
antimicrobials and resistance25
-
Antibacterials26
-
Antivirals24
-
Antimyotics28
-
Antigen and antibodies, structure and interaction12
-
Tissues of the immune system12
-
Complement sytem12
-
Antigen presentation and cytokines18
-
Graft rejection: major histocompatability complex (MHC)11
-
T Lymphocytes26
-
B lymphocytes10
-
Mechanisms of immunoregulation suppressor cells11
-
Type I-IV hypersensitivity mechanisms29
-
Tolerance, autoimmunity and autoimmune disease27
-
Immune system ontogeny and neonatal immunity34
-
Types of vaccine and the principles of vaccination24
-
Cell injury, response and adaptations29
-
Vascular system pathology41
-
Acute inflammation15
-
Chronic inflammation9
-
Wound healing and repair19
-
Overview of infectious agents and principles of infectious disease transmission16
-
Pathology and congenital malformations15
-
Bacteria65
-
Virology30
-
Neoplasia32
-
fungal physiology, infections and therapeutics44
-
protozoan parasites with direct life cycles57
-
protozoan parasites with indirect life cycles39
-
Vector-Borne Protozoa49
-
Ectoparasite Practical9
-
Responsible use of antimicrobials11
-
The cascade, responsible medicines use16
-
Tapeworms and flukes60
-
Ectoparasites81
