Define population in statistics.
The entire group of individuals or items being studied.
What is a sample?
A subset of a population used to represent the whole.
True or false: A parameter is a characteristic of a sample.
FALSE
A parameter describes a characteristic of a population.
Fill in the blank: Mean is the ______ of a data set.
average value
What does standard deviation measure?
The amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.
Define outlier.
A data point that differs significantly from other observations.
What is the mode?
The value that appears most frequently in a data set.
True or false: The median is the middle value when data is ordered.
TRUE
Fill in the blank: A box plot displays data based on five summary statistics: minimum, Q1, median, Q3, and ______.
maximum
What is a normal distribution?
A probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean.
Define hypothesis testing.
A method for testing a claim or hypothesis about a parameter.
What is a null hypothesis?
The hypothesis that there is no effect or no difference.
True or false: A p-value indicates the strength of evidence against the null hypothesis.
TRUE
Fill in the blank: A confidence interval provides a range of values for estimating a ______.
population parameter
What does bias refer to in statistics?
A systematic error that leads to incorrect conclusions.
Define random sampling.
A sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of selection.
What is regression analysis used for?
To determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables.
True or false: Correlation implies causation.
FALSE
Correlation indicates a relationship but not necessarily a cause.
Fill in the blank: The interquartile range measures the spread of the middle ______ of data.
50%
What is a scatter plot?
A graph that displays values for two variables for a set of data.
Define type I error.
Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true.
What is statistical significance?
A measure that indicates whether the results are likely due to chance.
True or false: A larger sample size generally increases the reliability of results.
TRUE
Fill in the blank: Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the main features of a data set, while ______ statistics infer properties.
inferential
