Editable Additional

Question 1

Campsie on Young

- What could be said of Young during the war?

Answer 1

• Profoundly influenced by ‘solidaristic ethic’
• Young broke from the Labour Party in 1930s, dedicating himself to social observation
• Young was critical of Beveridge for being too ‘idealistic’ -> would never achieve in capitalist society.
• Young’s thought - expressed in the rise of the meritocracy - was seen to empower the Crosland revisionism movement. Contrastingly, Crossman was motivated by the findings of Young and Wilmott East End.

Question 2

Would could be said of the solidaristic British left by 1947?

Answer 2

Michael Young had noted the ‘disillusionment of many formerly enthusiastic supporters of the labour party’

Question 3

What were some views on the council estate model?

Answer 3

Priestley - deeply ambivalent: whilst eroding social inequality, he noted that they lacked ‘zest, in gusto, flavour, bite, drive, originality.’ He derided the American nature of the model.
George Orwell echoed these sentiments.

Question 4

What does Andrew Homer argue?

Answer 4

• New towns were designed to achieve social balance, but this was rejected by the middle class (and TSE the working class)
• Government officials such as Bevan attempted to push through a romantic idea of inter-class socialism through means of adoption of US models of neighbourhoods.
• Ruth Glass - Middlesbrough study - found the romantic side wanting.
• Crawley New Town - MC refused to move to. Rector of Crawley saw this as a potential crisis of leadership.

Question 5

Hannah Gavron

Answer 5

• The Captive Wife: mothers of Kentish Town
• committed suicide aged 29, leaving the gas oven on.
• Son, Jeremy, wrote a memoir there after (she died when he was 4).
• Father refused to talk of suicide - remarrying and hiding all photos.
• Took her life after being rejected by a gay man - failed affair.
• Jeremy’s book - woman on the edge of time - stating that she was torn apart by her own understanding of gender and that expected of her.
• Captive Housewife: 48 MC wives interviewed in LondonRefutes the basis of Young and Wilmott. ‘Mum’ - no longer a dominant figure in the extended family.
• 54% of WC couples shared housework. Only 21% of MC. IMPORTANT.
• Claims to be qualitative, but still v quantitative.

Question 6

What does Daniel Miller also show an interest in?

Answer 6

Material culture- contributor in the handbook of material culture.

Question 7

What is Dennis Chapman’s The Home and Social Status?

Answer 7

An investigation of the British working class domesticity in the 20th century. Design was seen as something which could improve someone’s life. 
Recognised the role of women in the construction and maintenance of the home - suggesting far too little attention had been placed on this area.

Question 8

Summarise the findings of Phoenix Rising?

Answer 8

WWII resettlement and slum clearance was socially disruptive.
Regenerated towns were optimistically referred to as ‘boom towns’
Late 1960s and 1970s saw the exposure of corruption among high profile architects and municipal politicians.
Rebuilding of civic centres was recognised as an achievement of ordinary WC people, and the rebuilt centres were understood as places that should ands could provide for their needs.
Vision of an alternative city - social justice endured long after the boom cities of 1967 became a byword for decline.

Question 9

What does Stefan Ramsden contend, through his analysis of Beverley?

Answer 9

Pushes back against the idea of the rise of privatism, or the ‘magnified domesticity’ of people in the postwar period. Pointing to evidence from Beverley interviews, rising affluence, living standards, new cultural and social freedoms saw individuals pursue a more expansive sociability which was nevertheless anchored in the locality. 
Continuities in working class traditions. This follows trend of many sociologists and geographers rediscovering and rehabilitating community as a concept. For the working classes, local networks remain crucial for everyday sociability and support.

Question 10

What is the premise of Rise of the Meritocracy?

Answer 10

Dystopian society in which intelligence and merit become central to society. It satirised the tripartite system of education.
Young was disappointed by the fact that merit was adopted into English language with none of the negative connotations he designed it to have.
2001 - Guardian - noted disappointment with the book.
Claimed that education put a seal of authority on a minority, and a seal of disapproval on the majority.

Question 11

What does Owen Jones charge about Thatcher?

Answer 11

Moment of the demonisation of the working classes, turning away from the aspirational project of the Left. G

Question 12

What is the process of stock transfer policy?

Answer 12

Movement of public housing from the local authority to a not-for-profit private housing association.

Question 13

What does the process of stock transfer policy lead to?

Answer 13

A decisive shift towards monopolistic private landlordism - with public control and accountability fading away over time.
As Smith points out, there is room for tenant and civil society opposition, to challenge and in other circumstances transcend the neoliberal housing policies of the state.

Question 14

What was the rate of council house occupancy in 1979 versus 2000?

Answer 14

1979 - 29% homes rented from local authorities

2000 - 14%

Question 15

How did the privatisation of housing work?

Answer 15

• Right to Buy
• Large Scale Voluntary Transfers (LSVTs) of stock from local authorities to housing associations. LSVTs, according to Ginsburg, could see hugely variable rent regimes.

Question 16

Savage - the rise and fall of class analysis in British sociology

Answer 16

• 1950-75: Heroic approach to class in Britain depended on emphasising the role of the working class as agents of progressive social change. Whilst powerful, it locked class analysis into a historical moment which was fast being eclipsed given the scale of deindustrialisation in Britain during this period.
• 1975-2000: Class analysis faded in Britain as white, male, industrial working class took a back seat in shaping British society.
• 2000-: revival in cultural class analysis; influenced by Pierre Bourdieu.

Question 17

Who criticised the concept of class as tired in 1982?

Answer 17

Zygmunt Bauman

Question 18

Why did the role of class diminish in importance from the 1970s onwards?

Answer 18

Movement away from solidaristic and cohesive words through neoliberal shift towards a marketised economy from the 1970s. Inevitable that the dramatic de-industrialisation of Britain from the 1970s onwards with deregulation and marketisation of public services could be understood as undermining class and the heroic age

Question 19

What could be said of Goldthorpe?

Answer 19

1960s-70s: part of heroic generation of class writers. Affluent Worker - pre-cupped with understanding the working classs, and his argument that they had not become middle class was a bedrock of sociological analysis thereafter.
Later 1970s: shifted focus. Class seen in more scientific terms from the nature of employment relationships. This was a critical move. Indeed, insisted on individualist assumptions which his class schema embedded, to distance from the heroic generation.
Goldthorpe’s new class scheme, operationalised along measures of occupation and employment status, allowed transnational comparisons.
Famously, Anthony Heath used this schema to analyse the electoral weakness of the Labour Party during the 1980s.
SAVAGE CHARGES THAT GOLDTHORPE’S APPROACH CAME AT THE COST OF REDUCING A SPECIFICALLY VARIABLE WHICH LOST ITS CAPACITY TO ENGAGE WITH THE PUBLIC AND POLITICAL QUESTIONS OF THE DAY.

Question 20

What was the birth outside of marriage rate in 1960 vs 1990?

Answer 20

1960 - 8%

1990 - 36%

Question 21

What is the argument presented by Pat Ayers?

Answer 21

Masculinities in Liverpool

• Pre-War cultures of casual IM’s persisted and were incorporated into class and gendered understandings of manhood.
• Relative security of employment and income meant that planning expenditure was possible.
• Work offered greater opportunity for socialising on the job, which made the need to socialise in free time less necessary.

Question 22

John Welshman - Rhetoric and Reality

Answer 22

Antecedents of community mental health services can be located in earlier documents including the Wood Report on mental deficiency, it was from the mid-1950s that the ministry of health and DHSS actively promoted a policy of community care.
Reflected concerns about the institutions as well as the pharmacological revolution.

Question 23

What was the bestselling newspaper since 1978?

Answer 23

The Sun

Question 24

When was P3 first mentioned in Parliament?

Answer 24

Early 1970s - debate on banning nudity.
Sun, 1969 - ‘the year of 1969 was when men and women took their clothes off in public in a startling manner. Now… we have got over the shock and nudes are no longer regarded as rude.’
Naturism popular in 1960s
Sun reacted against racist lines in 1972 by publishing ‘Harmony Week’, with a week of black pin-ups - alongside articles such as ‘why Enoch is wrong’

Question 25

What was the Bott Hypothesis of 1957?

Answer 25

Sociology and the Family - Nature of relationship between husband and wife not determined by individual personalities, nor economics or demographic situations, but the network of social relations in which they are embedded - creating a norm consensus. - SAVAGE - Bott’s contribution - taking the in-depth interview (from psychoanalysis) and made it a tool of sociology. This allowed her to interpret domestic relations not in terms of psychological states but in terms of social relations. This relied less on a liberal framing

Question 26

When were the interviews with Jim and Linda conducted? What does Lawrence note about the interviews?

Answer 26

1978-83 -> seven extended interviews Contrasted the insecurity of JL with BG Transcripts survive in Essex uni. Majority of notes from JL were not used in the Divisions of Labour Linda - family of 10, survived on welfare and casual employment. Jim - Seaman. Jim want not interviewed until 1980, when made compulsorily redundant. Pahl stressed the structural nature of the inequalities - stating that JL had a broad range on entrepreneurial talent which society did not want. Found claiming welfare degrading. Jim placed job satisfaction above wage. Pahl wanted to emphasise how, unlike the affluent workers (BG), LJ were oppressed by circumstances which they could not control.  Although politically anti-Thatcherite, determination to recover independence in the context of radically constrained choices led them to embrace many of the norms of the Thatcherite economic and political order.

Question 27

What does Mike Savage note about using archived qualitative data?

Answer 27

There were three ways to achieve standardisation - ensuring the research is administered to a consistently defined sample; ensuring that questions are similar, ensuring that the resulting datasets are transportable

Question 28

What predated the 1958 National Child Development Survey?

Answer 28

The Birth Cohort Study (1946). Succeeded (ish) by the British Household Panel Study from 1991.

Question 29

Niamh Moore

Answer 29

We should focus less on how we ‘re-use’ qualitative data, and should construe data as equivalent to that which historians use when confronted with disparaging sources.

Question 30

What does Rob Waters argue?

Answer 30

1960s saw TV leveraged as tool to communicate white racism and black radicalism, especially in the states. White people pushed back against this, ‘They make too much on black people’, Waters noted one person stating. Important moment in the politicisation of the black youth. TV was central to the politics and cultures of black radicalism in Britain

Question 31

What did Gallup and National Opinion Polls find about agreement to Powellite policy?

Answer 31

74% and 67% support respectively.

Question 32

What angle does Whipple approach Powell from?

Answer 32

Analyses the 100,000+ letters Powell received subsequently to the speech. - Bolstered sense of whiteness was important to identity. - Letters show how many white British reconstructed Powell into the politician they desired, not the one he was. Whipple describes as a blank screen to project ideals of leadership. - Powell’s conception of Englishness was to drive ‘Britishness’ in the post-imperial world. English history was to be the basis of national pre-eminence. - Condemned the Commonwealth as ‘farce’ or ‘sham’. Believed Britain needed to jettison imperial power as it possessed an innate glory and splendour.

Question 33

What did Dennis Lawrence note about research on race?

Answer 33

Sociologists expected race to exist as a distinct and salient issue in their subjects’ minds. ‘But, for most people, it is probably intimately related, whether consciously or unconsciously, to other issues’

Question 34

What was the argument of Avner Offer in | Body weight and self control in Britain and America since the 1950s social history of medicine 2001?

Answer 34

Over-eating and slimming were driven by market forces and the psychology of eating. MALE - rise in BMI was associated with the decline of family eating + exposure to greater food variety. FEMALE - Cult of Slimming - associated with mating and workplace competition. Social norms of body weight have reflected two concerns: health and personal attractiveness. Bust-to-waist ratios - 1920s -> severe decline. Rose slightly in 1940s, followed with subsequent decline in 1980s.

Question 35

What is Offer’s conclusion on the subject of self-control and affluence?

Answer 35

Affluence will precipitate a decline in self-control. Affluence encourages a transformation from a prudential lifestyle.

Question 36

Who is the leading expert in Deaf history?

Answer 36

- Martin Atherton - looked at the exclusive culture of deaf communities. British Deaf News as primary source.

Question 37

What was the organisation which separated impairment from disability

Answer 37

Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS)

Question 38

Where does Douglas Bader feature?

Answer 38

In the songs by Ian Stanton, and in the Film, ‘Reach for the Skies’

Question 39

When was the Attendance Allowance Act introduced, who introduced it?

Answer 39

Campaigning by DIG, 1969.

Question 40

Which organisation output significant material on disability during postwar period?

Answer 40

Scope (Spastics Society)

Question 41

What Act introduced Remploy

Answer 41

The Disabled Persons Act 1944

Question 42

What was a highly influential sociological survey?

Answer 42

Miller and Gwynne’s ‘A Life Apart’ - found that the disabled were relegated to low-skill, low-pay jobs.

Question 43

What could be said of Dior’s New Look versus Quant’s designs?

Answer 43

Dior focused on curves and corsets | Quant focused on straight lines and slenderness.

Question 44

What audience did Mary Quant cater to?

Answer 44

Younger, less wealthy population. | Quant was renowned. For instance, her ‘Rex Harrison’ cardigan dress of 1960 became Dress of the Year in 1963.

Question 45

What could be said of Steedman’s mother?

Answer 45

Her pursuit of the Dior New Look skirt shows a fetishisation of Dior’s label, as many spinoffs existed.

Question 46

What two popular magazines existed at the time?

Answer 46

Woman - 3.5m weekly circulation Woman’s Own - 2.5m Cheap! 22p.

Question 47

What is important in the modern discourse of the dress?

Answer 47

Inseparability of the artificial clothing from the biological body. Lycra and Bri-Nylon offered slimming and manoeuvrability

Question 48

What figures was suited to Mary Quant’s designs?

Answer 48

Twiggy - 6.5 stone in mid-60s

Question 49

How did Picture Post receive the New Look?

Answer 49

Critical. Disliked how cumbersome it appeared - as well as highly impractical for work. Seen as regressive, in terms of feminist politics.

Question 50

How did Blanes Ltd have to market the New Look in 1951?

Answer 50

‘It’s no extravagence!’ - seen to be overzealous with the amount of material used.

Question 51

What does the Porterfield report discuss in terms of paid employment opportunities for the mentally handicapped?

Answer 51

In the case study of Sharon Rees, a 30 year old worker at a local Post Office, the shop manager was encouraged to underpay (at £4.05 a week), in order to not lose benefits. Also received items from the Post Office - paper, soap, tights, etc.

Question 52

What were the conclusions reached by the Porterfield study?

Answer 52

In order to encourage employment among the disabled, it would be advisable to: - Pair with an advisor for support - Detailed background analysis of client - Anticipate elevated workload with family - Routine and intense contact with client. Questionable how achievable this would have been under Thatcher public service cuts.

Question 53

Provide some detail about the findings in Oakley’s Sociology of the Housewife 1974

Answer 53

- 70-80% of women dissatisfied with the position as housewife - Main concerns: monotony, loneliness, low levels of social interaction. Values autonomy. - Estimates work per week to be 77 hours.

Question 54

What does Dennis Marsden make of Jeremy Seabrook’s ‘Culture of Poverty’?

Answer 54

Deployment of the term shows little awareness of sociological debate - to a similar level of Keith Joseph and his use of the term in 1974.

Question 55

What does Jeremy Seabrook suggest about the speech of the elderly in Blackburn?

Answer 55

Their speech was conditioned by a mental strait-jacket imposed on them from their experience of factory life; which they cannot break from in the age of affluence.

Question 56

What does Marsden criticise most about City Close Up?

Answer 56

Seabrook’s interview questions (selectively printed) tap just the shallow and narrow prejudices of the informants (‘Do you feel optimistic about the future of this country?’, ‘How do you feel about young people?’, ‘Are you in favour of capital punishment?’ ‘How do you feel about the immigrants?’) This tended to receive the answers ‘hang them, deport them, make them work’.