education

Question 1

who provided most education for children in Britain during 1918?

Answer 1

LEA’s which had been created in 1902 - local education authorities:

• paid for teachers
• and provided free school meals for children
• ensured the upkeep of school buildings
• monitored teachers standards.

Question 2

what was the first act of reform in education?

Answer 2

1918 - education act based on the Lewis report which:

• changed the school leaving age to 14
• new range of county colleges providing vocational courses, employers were obliged to release their young employee’s to attend at least once a week.
• divided the ciriculum into practical instruction ( less able ) and advanced instruction (more able.)

most of the costs were transfered from the LEA’s to the central government making education centralised and the 1918 act a watershed moment in history.

Question 3

what did the Hadow committee suggest?

Answer 3

1926
- they suggested to get rid of elementary schools and dividing it into primary and secondary schools with children transfering at age 11
- raise the school leaving age to 15.
these suggestions however were not implemented due to the cost.

Question 4

what was the % of children in school in 1931?

Answer 4

only 20%

Question 5

what was the impact of WW2 to education?

Answer 5

• armed forces had to teach basic literacy and numbers to lower ranks
• the technological complexity of modern warfare meant that education soldiers were needed.

Question 6

what was the Butler act and when was it made?

Answer 6

1944 - Education act ( Butler Act ) and the later Scottish education act 1945:

• created a Tripartite system which matched closely to Britain’s class system.
• Grammar schools, intended to make an academic Curriculum and was open to all children who could pass the 11+
• secondary moderns, educated lower classes, had fewer resources and less qualified teachers.
• Secondary Technical schools, this was intended to educate middle classes for a life in science or engineering.

Question 7

what was the impact of the Butler act?

Answer 7

for the first time millions of working class children had free and compulsory education and girls who had previously been excluded from secondary education.

Question 8

what type of school grew through out the late 50’s and early 60’s?

Answer 8

comprehensive schools - they included all children regardless of their ability this was to prevent kids from feeling stigmitised at age 11.

• grew under labour
• offered more places
• more diversified.

Question 9

what was the crowther report?

Answer 9

1959 - this was put through due to governement being concerned about social and industrial needs. it made a series of recommendations including:

• raising the school leaving age to 16
• creating county colleges / and more technichal colleges for post 16
• sixth form teachers of high intellectual calibre
• widening the course options

Question 10

what was the Newsom Report?

Answer 10

1963 - created more practical and vocational subjects

• sex ed was made essential
• helped less able children as more attention was paid
• research into methods to help struggling kids or kids with mental difficulties.

Question 11

what were comprehensive’s like under Heaths government?

Answer 11

Margaret Thatcher was Heath’s education secretary and she encouraged the merging of secondary moderns with grammar schools.

Question 12

what was the 1976 education act?

Answer 12

• left labour wanted to abolish selection funding
• Wilson new this would be popular however instead he ended direct grant schools
• teachers supported the government suggesting that this would take the elitism out of education

Question 13

why did the 1976 act not help stop elitism but instead encourage it ?

Answer 13

because the direct grant school couldn’t afford to keep running so turned into private schools.

Question 14

what was progressive education?

Answer 14

during the 60’s and 70’s older priciples of teaching such a rote learning changed to “child-centred learning “ this was a result of the Plowden repport.

Question 15

what was the Plowden report?

Answer 15

1967 - recommended:

• end to corporal punishment
• giving children more freedom
• encouraging teachers to help and advise rather than lecture children.

Question 16

what were the Black papers?

Answer 16

1969 this was published against the use of progressive education by Brian Cox and Tony Dyson who released a series of papers criticising the lack of authority held by teachers.

Question 17

what was the Yellow book?

Answer 17

1976 - James Callaghan became prime minister and ordered a report into Britain’s education system (the Yellow book) this report stated that:

• discipline had declined
• many school ciriculum had not prepared people for the outside world
• gov and public had too little say in what goes on in schools.

Question 18

what was the Ruskin speech?

Answer 18

mid 70’s - based on the Yellow book Callaghan delivered a speech at Ruskin College due to it being founded for working class men and Callaghan thought that they were the worst effected he suggested:

• he did not wish to return to rote learning
• there should be a national curriculum
• teachers should be inspected

Question 19

uni’s during the 20’s - 30’s ?

Answer 19

mainly for the middle and upper classes however some grants and scholarships were given out by LEA’s and charities however these were highly competitive.

Question 20

what was the Percy and Barlow report ?

Answer 20

1945 clement Attlee should become centres for science and engineering

• changed arts and Latin subjects to engineering and sciences.
• expanded to cater to larger numbers of students

Question 21

what was the Robbins committee?

Answer 21

1961

• it was produced because Britain had been overtaken by other countries in terms of university performance and the only option was to guarantee everyone a place who was eligible to attend
• recommended a goal of 5 times more student places by 1980
• unis must give instruction in skills to make sure the country had a competent workforce
• develop students general powers of the mind to make them broadly well-educated
• teaching academics should continue to carry out research
• teaching also had a social role to produce a common culture and good citizenship.

Question 22

how were the conservatives and the labour party’s divided over the education systems between 1944 - 1976?

Answer 22

• conservatives and the right of labour believed the tripartite system provided the economy with what they needed.
• where as the left of the labour party believed it caused social division.

Question 23

what trend in politics began to decline by the early 60’s?

Answer 23

• the thirteen years of conservative rule came to an end and popular anti-elitism began to spread in politics and the media
• the Etonian backgrounds of Harold Macmillan and Alec Douglas-Home was seen by voters as hopeless.
• an era of deference was long gone .

Question 24

what happened across developed countries regarding education during the 60’s?

Answer 24

Japan, Australia, Canada and Europe began to end their selection process leaving Britain lagging behind.

Question 25

what did Harold Wilson believe in 1964 regarding the education system?

Answer 25

- that if grammar schools were so good then they should be available for all - "grammar schools for all."

Question 26

what was the first ever comprehensive school?

Answer 26

- first comprehensive was in Kidbrook in 1954