1
Q
who was Edward Seymour
A
- he was Edward’s maternal uncle
- member of the privy council
- protestant
- military man
2
Q
what had Henry planned in case Edward was too young to rule
A
a balanced regency council with 6 members all governing together with equal powers until rewarded reached 18
3
Q
what was the reality of Henry’s death/how did Seymour become Lord Protector>
A
- Seymour alters Henry’s will to include the phrase lord protector
- made sure the council was balanced in his favour
- didn’t announce the death of the king straight away
- Seymour makes sure he has the backing of the church
- rewards those who helped him-keeps them on side
4
Q
what powers did Seymour have as Lord Protector?
A
- quasi-royal powers
- granted letters of patent in 1547
- authority not granted by parliament-tends to rule without them.
- uses proclamations instead 70 in under 3 years
- rules autocratically
- used his household instead of councils and parliament
5
Q
what was Seymour’s use of the Privy Council?
A
- he by-passed them opting to use a close council made up of his household.
- built up resentment in the council
- did leave the day to day administration to them
6
Q
how did Seymour use the Household?
A
-became known as the new council this style of leadership was heavily frowned upon
7
Q
how did Seymour treat parliament?
A
- over use of proclamations and neglect of parliament
- parliament was only used for religious laws
8
Q
Seymour’s relationship with nobility
A
-his style of rule was seen by many as too personal and too royal.
19/29 councillors accused him of “malice and evil”
9
Q
what happened to Henry VIII’s heresy laws?
A
they were removed, this allowed people to discuss religion freely
- however this meant government had removed its own power to control outbursts.
- a bid for popularity
- lose of order
10
Q
Under Somerset what happened to England’s relations with Scotland?
A
-had been left by HVIII the goal of securing a marriage between MQS and Edward, however the Scots were not interested and this meant fighting them till they were.
-Scotland is Somerset’s priority
-victory of the battle of Pinkie in 1547
-started building garrisons, this only increased hostility
-mistake: gave Scotland a chance to breath didn’t follow up with another attack
- Scotland received aid from France, France
has a growing influence in Scotland
-Mary is removed to marry the Dauphin of France
-Somerset tries to defend England’s weakening position-expensive waste of time.
-not only had he been humiliated by Scotland but also by France
11
Q
what were relations between France and England like after England invaded Scotland in an attempt to enforce the treaty of Greenwich?
A
declared war on England in 1549
Somerset offered Boulogne H of France asked for Calais too.
French attacked boulonge but the English just kept them off.
united the French and he Scottish against the English.
12
Q
could Somerset have been successful?
A
no, he had inherited his style from Henry and he didn’t have the power or the finances to pull it off furthermore the task which Henry had left him was impossible.
13
Q
what factors encouraged religious change?
A
- Edward was protestant and the country was more inclined to follow the monarch.
- leading religious figures supported change: Cranmer
- -political leaders were all protestant eg Somerset and Catherine Parr
- the elites supported reforms they enjoyed being able to read the bible and taking money from the church
- London/the south east were protestant communities
- many protestants were in excise in England
- priests supported the change-allowed them to marry
- conservatives aren’t at the centre of power
14
Q
why didn’t England become fully protestant?
A
- most of the population were very catholic danger of rebellion
- 1536 pilgrimage of grace had threatened Henry and his rule had been established-Edward’s rule was weak anyway
- Edward was a minor, too much change would be going against HVIII’s 6 articles only an adult ruler could change that
- fear of Charles V-he had an interest in Mary
15
Q
What were the religious changes in 1547?
A
- under Somerset
- Edward is a minor
- royal visitations-examine the state of the churches
- book of homilies and paraphrases-protestant sermons their use had been established by the end of 1549
- royal injunctions-use English
- chantries act-a parliamentary law condemning all prayers for the dead
- 6 articles repealed- undoing the work of Henry VIII gpt rid of Catholicism
- treason act repealed
16
Q
what were Somerset’s aims?
A
- consolidate his power
- however his power depends upon Edwards favour and Edward living
17
Q
what were the problems with religious changes?
A
- cramner and Edward were radical protestants and didn’t like the compromise
- rebellions over the pray book
- priests aren’t cooperating
18
Q
what finical problems did Somerset face and create?
A
inflation, huge debt and debasement of the coinage plagued England. Somerset couldn’t afford war. Needs to restore faith in the currency
19
Q
what was and when was the treaty of Boulogne?
A
1550
- England have up Boulogne
- marriage proposal with a dowry-never follows through
- troops out of Scotland
- England neutral in continental war
- give the fortress in Boulogne over in good condition
- no more pension
20
Q
under Northumberland what were relationships like with Scotland?
A
hostile as the conflict remained unresolved
in 1552 borders were returned to before HVIII’s campaign
21
Q
under Northumberland what were relationships like with France?
A
knew it was only a matter of time before france tried to take Calais to add to Boulogne
22
Q
under Northumberland what was trade like with the Netherlands?
A
cloth trade was breaking down
religious differences- Spanish Catholics many protestants in Netherlands
-temporary embargo as Charles considered an invasion
23
Q
under Northumberland what were relationships like with Charles V?
A
he didn’t like the protestantism
or the treatment of Mary
refused to be dragged into habsburg-Valois war
24
Q
what did the Scottish war do to Somerset’s expenditure?
A
heavy military expenditure
policy of debasement was continued
no attempt to reform finances
25
what were Northumberland's economic aims?
-aimed to: end debasement, reduce expenditure so that the King could live of his own and finally have Edward out of debt
26
How did Northumberland reach his economic aims?
- he used talented men
- end debasement: replace coins with the correct amount of metal (1560) telling people to lower prices was hard and the cloth trade collapsed.
- reduction in expenditure: Boulonge's return brought in money less money being spent on garrisons etc. General tighter grip on finances
- debt:had been necessary to continue to sell crown and chantry lands, manipulating the exchange rate paid of antwerp debts in 2 years
27
how successful was Northumberland at recovering the economic situation?
improved the situation signification but did not have long enough to really fix the problems
28
what successes did Dawson see in the economy under Northumberland?
- he was an effective chief executive and would have continued to be given the chance.
- used talented men
- despite the poor harvest did sort out crown revenue
29
what failings did Dawson see in the economy under Northumberland?
too radical and there were some limitations
30
what is the background of the Western Rebellion?
- Cornwall: own language, a land apart, doesn't like central rule, poverty, catholic, didn't like the wealth being taken from the church
- against the new prayer book
- spontaneous in Devon and Cornwall
- ordinary people-no gentry a "popular rebellion"
- 10,000 people
31
what cause the western rebellion?
- resentment of local gentry making a profit of the collapse of their church.
- the new prayerbook
- Fletcher suggests also economic motives-rumours about a sheep tax
32
What did the western rebels do?
- they have a list of demands
- deliver a traditional mass
- march to Exeter and attack the city however they don't have real weapons -they should have gone to London
33
how did the local gentry respond?
they lost their grip quickly-they killed one
34
how did government respond?
-Somerset had limited resources and wasn't well informed this was because of weak governing. sent a catholic to deal with it Russell (the catholic) didn't have the resources to deal with anything
-resources were delayed and Exeter had to defend itself for 6 weeks
-when government finally turned up the rebellion was suppressed easily.
rebels were committed to their cause.
35
religious demands of the western rebels
- they don't want any reformation
- mass in Latin
- restore the powers of the priest
- transubstantiation
- they want the return of baptisms
- old holy days
- don't want the services in English
- want half the church lands back
- hayjaked by priests
36
social demands of the western rebels
- we will have
- they don't like the services in english -they're cornish
- they don't like the ruling class or gentry-they don't want them to have lots of servants because they can be used as a private army
- "kill the gentleman"
37
economic demands of the western rebels
fletcher: early stages of the rebellion concentration of economic grievances eh sheep tax rumour
38
political demands of the western rebels
```
we will have
Somerset does not have the power to make these changes and Edward is too young to
don't trust London rule
they want their own representatives
signed by common people
```
39
what had happened to the population during and prior to this period?
since 1470 there had been a gradual increase in population why? still loads of diseases. Immunity? Drop in infant mortality?
expansion was not even cities and towns recovered quicker
PROBLEM? how do you split the inheritance, marginal land is being used
40
How bad was inflation in this period?
400% over the 16th century BUT wages don't experience the same increase
combined with population pressures
why? Spanish Gold and the reformation-HVIII melting down gold.
41
How was agriculture going?
most lived in the country but combo or marginal land being used and poor harvest are having an impact greater profits to be made in cloth trade
enclosure profit employing fewer and feeding fewer
42
how was trade in this period?
cloth trade was evening off in this period
little exploring
not great with Charles V
43
what economic difficulties were their under Somerset and did he make them worse?
HVIII had left behind inflation, war and debt Somerset continued to spend
44
what was the background to the Kett rebellion?
1549
- enclosure
- high population
- hit by the breakdown of the cloth industry/antwerp trade
- near london
- yeoman, they had something to loose
- 16,000 very large
- no gentry
45
what sparked the Kett rebellion?
drunkenness anger at enclosure
spontaneous
gathered popular support
46
what did the Kett rebels do?
Kett assumed leadership and led to the rebellion to Norwich
no gentry or church all yeo farmers
they captured Norwich
Norwich pretty much let them in
47
what was the reaction of the local authorities to the Kett rebellion?
size and speed paralysed the gentry
48
how did government respond to the Kett rebellion?
- they offered a pardon, they reject it
- Norwich are pretty nice to the rebels
- 2,000 army is too small
- another pardon offered
- 14,000 next
- they moved from their advantage point
49
political motives of the Kett rebellion?
- we pray your grace
- return to the golden age of Henry VII with rents etc
- they want to be paid
50
economic motives behind the Kett rebellion?
- no more enclosure unless saffron
- no lords sheep on the commons
- lords should only have enough sheep etc for their household
- no lords should profit from the common land
- should keep fishing profits
- rents should stay low
- reeds etc should have a standard size and price
- rent should be fair and reasonable
- lords should not buy lands to rent at high prices
51
social motives of the Kett rebellion?
- only fancy people can have a dove house
- only lords can have rabbits
- crowns rights to whales etc
- officials should be chosen by the commons of the shire
- all bonds men should be made free
- lawyers shouldn't exploit poor tenants
- lords should not abuse their rights of wardship
- shouldn't use bailiffs to oppress
- shouldn't profit from spirituals lands etc
52
religious motives of the Kett rebellion?
- priests shouldn't buy up lands
- the lands should be let to whom they were in 1485
- if the priests don't do a good job they should be able to remove them
- they should teach the children
- shouldn't abuse their position
53
Why were people opposed to Somerset?
- poor leadership: because he bypassed the council and opted instead for his own household Somerset had alienated many people. Over used proclamations
- mishandling of foreign policy
- favouritism all key positions were held by his own men-he had total control over who had access to the king
- he rewarded himself eg Somerset house very fancy
- social policy isolated the nobility
- religious policy isolated Catholics
54
Why does Starkey believe Somerset fell from power?
Edward. Edward stopped trusting him because he believed he was ruling for himself and for the move to Windsor castle
55
What does Dawson believe about the fall of Somerset?
He had failed too much and his personality alienated people
56
Who was Northumberland?
```
Son of a traitor Empson & Dudley
Military man
Protestant
Better than Somerset
Personality matters-clever
Very skilled politician
Chief executive-delegates to the talented
```
57
How did Northumberland rise to power?
1549 planned Somerset's removal
1550 became lord president of the council (learnt from Somerset's mistakes)
1551Duke of Northumberland (learnt from Somerset's mistakes)
58
What was northumberland's style of government?
Staffed the household with his men
Geared towards his interested
But had clearly learnt from Somerset-used the council didn't opt for Lord Protector.
59
How did Northumberland use the privy council?
Northumberland used the privy council properly although he made sure that he had control over the council and according to Hoak he revived the council
60
How did Northumberland deal with the problem of disorder?
```
Under Somerset there had been class tension and unemployment
Action taken: soldiers to keep local gentry in order, council members given licence to detain, censorship reimposed.
Effectiveness:no rebellions
```
61
How did Northumberland handle the problem of poor harvests and rising food prices?
Past couple of years terrible harvests not enough food food prices increasing AND inflation and debasement of the coinage to add to the increase in price.
Proclamations to control the prices and laws to stop speculation and government gave grain to hit areas.
Impact:proclamations failed and prices couldn't be tamed
62
What did Northumberland do about enclosure?
Somerset has raised people's hope
Commissions on enclosures were abandoned and laws employed fairly
No great action taken
Lords shouldn't abuse their rights but commoners have to move with the times
63
What did Northumberland do about Poor Laws
1547 Somerset's poor laws were too harsh and when combined with the poor harvest and economy
1549-50 new poor laws begging discouraged but help offered
Had a positive impact and was a blue print for the future
64
What did Northumberland do about crown debts?
```
War and debt had crippled government crown lands were being sold and rents and debts not being collected
Royal debts were collected better
16 commissions
Power given to the exchequer
Expenses were cut
```
65
What did Northumberland do about coinage?
Debasement inflation rose people lost faith
1551 last debasement for much needed cash
Followed by calling down the currency
And then new coins with the right quantities were issued
Recto image was vital however people didn't understand and felt cheated prices remained high
66
Arguments for the traditional interpretation of a Good duke Somerset
- he established a court of requests so he might hear the cases of the poor
- no torture or burnings
- progressive social policy:fixed rent and no enclosure
- critique of the greedy and wealth nobility
- Jordan:"high idealism" "the age of the good duke"
- Pollard:"desire to achieve aims that were essentially noble"
67
Arguments for the traditional argument of Northumberland as the "evil duke"
- he was behind the 1549 coup
- manufactured evidence against Somerset
- two-faced over religion
- attempted to change the succession to ensure he stayed in power
- Hoskins:"the most unprincipled gang of political adventures and predictors"
- Weir:"arguably the most evil statesman to govern England"
68
Arguments for the revised interpretation that Somerset was not a "Good Duke"
- Loach:"failed in Scotland and France" "mishandled his colleagues" "he was corrupt and greedy"
- Bush:"the war determined the nature of the regime's domestic policy" "preventing government from proceeding against inflation with a monetary solution"
69
Arguments for the revised interpretation that Northumberland was not the "evil duke"
- Loades:"more honest and skilful" "an effective chief executive"
- Hoak:"Northumberland appears to have been one of the most remarkably able governors of any european dates during the 16th century"
70
Religious changes in 1459
- removed all laws against clerical marriage
- all ecclesiastical courts in king's name
- proclamation issued (the confirmed by parliament) which ordered for the destruction of images and the white washing of churches
71
Religious changes in 1450
- new ordinal:the ceremony by which priests were ordained changes however it wasn't clear cut Protestantism yet
- stone alters are replaced with wooden ones
72
Religious changes in 1552
-New treason act making it an offence to question royal supremacy or any articles of faith
-second prayer book this time it was very Protestant: prayer for the dead removed along with vestments and very clear
consubstantiation
-act of uniformity enforced the new prayer book and offence to not attend church
-black rubric making it clear it was consubstantiation
-42 articles never became law very Protestant
73
The second prayer book
- publicised in 1552
- broke the compromise between Catholics and Protestants (the 1549 prayer book had been ambitious about transub and consub)
- all in English
- was accompanied by an act of uniformity
- and the ball rubric made the transub consub very clear
- no alter
- faith alone will get you to heaven
- would have expected rebellions
74
Did the religious changes under Northumberland and Somerset have an impact?
-yes:by law the country is Protestant and the amount of open Catholics has decreased the church looks Protestant
Duffy:"there were parishes were the reform was embraced" "a new solidarity began to emerge"
Being in English was very popular
-no:only in the south in the north much more lax people go along with it but at heart they're Catholics less only left to the church people don't care
Duffy:"men breathed easier for the accession of a catholic queen"
-people aren't strong either way-indifference "the men and women of Tudor England were by and large pragmatists"
75
How and why did Edward change the succession?
Although Mary was Edward's legal heir she was a catholic and Edward had been on a Protestant mission-she would undo everything he had achieved.
- could go for Elizabeth however she wants HVIII's will to be followed so wants Mary first and she knows her own mind-no guarantee she will continue his work and she was illegitimate
- Northumberland supported LJG because his son was married to her however she was also the next best claim, originally it was any son of the Grey part if the family-that didn't happen.
- looked like LJG was the only choice
76
How involved was Edward in the changing of the succession?
Very.
- he argues that neither m or e could be heir because they're illegitimate and they're likely to marry foreigners.
- however Edward died before the will was actually altered
77
How did they aim to make LJG queen?
-Undo Henry's will
However some argue Edward can't overturn Henry's will becaus he is only a minor
-so Edward wrote a device in his own hand naming LJG his heir and a letter if patent and made all the officials sign it
78
Why didn't the attempts to change the succession work?
- the people want a real Tudor even if she is a woman and a catholic and likely to marry a foreigner
- Mary knew she was the rightful heir
- she had string foreign allies eg Charles and Philip
- legally most people believed Edward was too young to have the power to change the succession
- Northumberland didn't have the military strength
- Elizabeth refused to get involved-no valid Protestant alternative
79
Could the change of succession have worked?
-both Mary and LJG could have been perceived as rebels
-they should have arrested Mary for Spanish correspondence
-better propaganda
-greater military strength
However...
Charles V would have always got involved
The Tudors
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