Birds, rodents, and mosquitoes are
reservoirs
Hundreds of horses get EEE per year due to
poor vaccination history
Horse and humans are
dead end hosts
EEE mortality
~90%
WEE mortality
~50%
Clinical disease occurs during
mosquito season; late summer early fall
VEE mortality
~90%
Clinical signs
Obtunded mentation Ataxia (clumsy) Paralysis Ultimately stupor Irregular gait Grinding of teeth Incoordination Circling Head pressing Hyperexcitability Profound depression: sleeping sickness
Which has the highest mortality
EEE
CNS disease more likely in
young animals
More neuroinvasive
EEE and VEE vs WEE
Treatment
support (sling, fluids)
corticosteroids
tranquilizers
diuretics (decrease edema in brain/spinal cord)
Prevention
vaccination
mosquito control
VEE is prone to large
outbreaks
EEE fatal human cases per year
~10