EFE Midterm

Question 1

IPA stands for…

Answer 1

International Phonetic Alphabet

Question 2

deals with the structure of words

Answer 2

morphology

Question 3

structure of sentence

Answer 3

syntax

Question 4

the study of meaning in language

Answer 4

semantics

Question 5

the study of how context contributes to meaning in language

Answer 5

pragmatics

Question 6

the most basic and fundamental building blocks of language

Answer 6

words

Question 7

Linguists define the word as

Answer 7

smallest free form

Question 8

smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function

Answer 8

morphemes

Question 9

non-free form elements that can be used to modify and conjugate free-form words

Answer 9

affixes

Question 10

3 types of affixes

Answer 10

prefixes, infixes, suffixes

Question 11

affixational process that forms a word with a meaning and/or category that is distinct from that of its base

Answer 11

derivation

Question 12

examples of lexical categories

Answer 12

nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and adverbs

Question 13

examples of non-lexical or functional categories

Answer 13

determiners (the), auxiliary verbs (would), conjunctions, and degree words

Question 14

a group of words can be replaced by a single word (like a pronoun)

Answer 14

constituent

Question 15

field of linguistics concerned with meaning

Answer 15

semantics

Question 16

understand, interpret, and distinguish

Answer 16

sense

Question 17

connects language to reality

Answer 17

reference

Question 18

where a word has two or more related meanings

Answer 18

polysemy

Question 19

where a single form has two or more entirely distinct meanings (same sounds, different meanings)

Answer 19

homonymy

Question 20

same pronunciation but different meanings, origins, or spelling (new/knew, see/sea)

Answer 20

homophones

Question 21

each of two or more words has the same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings and origins (bright, glare)

Answer 21

homographs

Question 22

maxim of quantity

Answer 22

Be as informative as needed; not too much, not too little.

Question 23

maxim of quality

Answer 23

Say what you believe to be true; don’t say things without evidence.

Question 24

maxim of relation

Answer 24

Be relevant

Question 25

maxim of manner

Answer 25

Avoid obscurity and ambiguity; be clear and orderly

Question 26

Literal/general meaning of word

Answer 26

denotation

Question 27

Emotional/cultural associations of the word

Answer 27

connotation

Question 28

the study of how context contributes to meaning in language (considering the speaker's intentions, background knowledge, and the situation)

Answer 28

pragmatics

Question 29

6 speech acts

Answer 29

Assertions, Assessments, Declarations, Requests, Offers, Promises

Question 30

raw facts without adding any interpretations or judgements

Answer 30

assertions

Question 31

opinions, judgements, or interpretations of assertions

Answer 31

assessments

Question 32

we create and form our own reality, and come from a position of power

Answer 32

declarations

Question 33

3 factors of speech acts

Answer 33

status, distance, intensity

Question 34

a word, phrase or sentence can be understood in two or more different ways

Answer 34

ambiguity

Question 35

how we use language in real situations, how people communicate in different settings and for different purposes.

Answer 35

discourse

Question 36

how well ideas fit together conceptually (the logic, relevance, and structure)

Answer 36

coherence

Question 37

6 discourse markers

Answer 37

Topic shifts/transitions Hesitation/softening/thinking Elaboration/clarification Contrast/correction Agreement/engagement Opening/holding the floor

Question 38

6 discourse genres

Answer 38

narrative, expository, argumentative, descriptive, conversational, instructional

Question 39

Tells a story, often with a structure (beginning, middle, end).

Answer 39

Narrative

Question 40

Explains or informs

Answer 40

Expository

Question 41

Presents a claim and supports it.

Answer 41

Argumentative

Question 42

Creates a picture with words.

Answer 42

Descriptive

Question 43

Informal, back-and-forth speech.

Answer 43

Conversational

Question 44

Gives directions or tells how to do something.

Answer 44

Instructional

Question 45

anyway, so

Answer 45

Topic shifts/transitions

Question 46

well, you know

Answer 46

Hesitation / Softening / Thinking

Question 47

I mean, actually

Answer 47

Elaboration/clarification

Question 48

but, yet

Answer 48

Contrast / Correction

Question 49

yeah, right?

Answer 49

Agreement / Engagement

Question 50

so..., okay, look

Answer 50

Opening / Holding the Floor