Electricity

Question 1

define “chemistry”

Answer 1

is the science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of matter and how matter changes under different conditions. There are two branches of chemistry: organic and inorganic.

• organic: the study of substances that contain the element carbon
• inorganic: a branch of chemistry dealing with compounds that do not contain carbon but may contain hydrogen

Question 2

define matter

Answer 2

any substance that occupies space and has a mass (weight). All matter has physical and chemical properties and exist in the form of solid, liquid, or gas.

Question 3

define element

Answer 3

is the simplest form of chemical matter. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances without a loss of identity

Question 4

describe the atom

Answer 4

the particles from which all matter is composed. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element

Atoms consist of the smaller particles; protons, which have a positive electrical charge; neutrons, with a neutral charge; and electrons, with a negative charge.

An atom is formed by a NUCLEUS and a CORTEX.

in a stable/neutral atom the number of protons and electrons are equal & it does not carry an electrical charge

Question 5

define molecule

Answer 5

formed by joining two or more atoms chemically

e.g., water: 2 hydrogen atoms + 1 oxygen atom = H2O molecule

Question 6

ion

Answer 6

An atom or molecule that carries an electrical charge. Ions are atoms with either extra electrons or missing electrons.

When an electron becomes displaced from an atom, or added to an atom, the atom will take on an electrical charge

Question 7

anion

Answer 7

If an atom gains an electron, the number of electrons will then exceed the number of protons – and the atom becomes negatively charged. It is now called a NEGATIVE ION, or ANION.

Question 8

cation

Answer 8

If an atom loses an electron, the number of protons will exceed the number of electrons and the atom will become positively charged. It is now called a POSITIVE ION or CATION.

Question 9

define electricity

Answer 9

the movement of particles around an atom that creates pure energy. Electricity is a form of energy that, when in motion, exhibits magnetic, chemical, or thermal effect

Question 10

what is an electrical current?

Answer 10

the flow of electricity along a conductor or in a complete circuit. All material can be classified as conductors or non-conductors/insulators

Question 11

define conductor

Answer 11

Any material that easily conducts electricity. This means that electricity will pass through the material easily. Metals are good conductors, and copper is a particularly good conductor

Question 12

define non-conductor/insulator

Answer 12

a substance that does not conduct electricity. Rubber, silk, wood, glass, and cement are good insulators.

Question 13

volt

Answer 13

• the unit that measures the pressure that pushes the flow of electrons forward through a conductor.
• The difference in potential that exists between the two extremes of a conductor is called the VOLTAGE. The unit to measure voltage is the VOLT (V).
• higher voltage indicates more pressure, more force, and more power

Question 14

Ampere/AMP

Answer 14

• the unit that measures the strength of an electric current (A)
• measure of the rate at which electrons flow through a conductor.
• higher amp rating indicates a greater number of electrons and a stronger unit

Question 15

milliampere (mA)

Answer 15

• one thousandth part of an ampere (mA)

- Milliampere is the measurement of Amp that you will encounter delivering esthetic services

Question 16

watt

Answer 16

• how much electric energy is used in one second
  e. g., a 40W light bulb uses 40W of energy per second

1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts

Question 17

ohm

Answer 17

• a unit that measure the resistance of an electric current

* current will not flow through a conductor unless the force (volts) is stronger than the resistance

Question 18

circuit

Answer 18

the entire path traveled by the current from its generating source, through various conductors )wire, electrode, body) and back to its source

Question 19

circuit breaker

Answer 19

a switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first indication of an overload.

Question 20

fuse

Answer 20

Safety device that prevents the overheating of electric wires. It will blow out or melt when the wire becomes too hot from overloading too many appliances or faulty equipment

Question 21

scale of frequency

Answer 21

Low Frequency: 0 - 300 cycles.
Medium Frequency: 301 - 10,000 cycles.
High frequency: 10,001+ cycles

Question 22

polarity

Answer 22

indicates the negative or positive pole of an electric current

Electrotherapy always has one negative charged pole and one positively charged pole

positive electrode = anode
negative electrode = cathode

Question 23

what are the effects of the positive pole (anode)?

Answer 23

1. An acidic reaction
2. Soothes the nerves
3. Closes the pores
4. Contracts blood vessels
5. Decreases blood supply
6. Constricts the follicles
7. Releases oxygen
8. Hardens and firms the tissues

Question 24

what are the effects of the negative pole (cathode)?

Answer 24

1. Alkaline reaction
2. Opens the pores
3. Stimulates and irritates the nerves
4. Increases blood supply
5. Releases hydrogen which reacts with the sodium in the skin causing sodium hydroxide creating soap suds and cleaning the follicles, and softening the sebum.
6. Expands blood vessels
7. Softens the tissues

Question 25

describe galvanic current

Answer 25

a constant and direct current (D/C) in a low frequency that causes chemical changes in the skin acids form around the anode, which have an astringent effect, whereas the chemical reaction at the cathode causes a relaxation of the pores -->In this way the galvanic current generates a cell-expanding reaction or hyperaemia. The client may experience a slight metallic taste in the mouth due to a change of the pH in the saliva. These effects are produced when a galvanic current is passed through the tissue, fluids of the body, and watery solutions of salt and acids.

Question 26

what is a faradic current (micro current) ?

Answer 26

The faradic current is an alternating and interrupted current (A/C) capable of producing a mechanical reaction without a chemical effect, primarily used to cause muscular contractions Benefits: - Improved muscle tone - Removal of waste products - Increased blood circulation - Relief of blood congestion - Stimulation of hair growth - Increased metabolism

Question 27

what is a Tesla-high frequency machine?

Answer 27

The high frequency machine is an apparatus that utilizes alternating/faradic current. The oscillating circuit passes through a device that allows for the selection of a tesla pulse current high frequency current is capable of changing polarity 1,000 times per second, it basically has no polarity and in effect does not produce chemical changes The rapid oscillation created by the high frequency machine vibrates water molecules in the skin. This can produce a mild to strong heat effect.

Question 28

light therapy

Answer 28

involves the use of light rays (visible and invisible) to treat the skin in skin care, we work with mainly 3 types of light rays: 1. Infra-red rays that produce heat (invisible to the naked eye) 2. Ultraviolet rays that produce chemical and germicidal reactions (invisible to the naked eye) 3. Visible light rays, AKA radiant energy

Question 29

describe the benefits of infrared rays

Answer 29

- Heats and relaxes the skin without increasing temperature of the body as a whole. - Dilates blood vessels in the skin, thereby increasing blood flow. - Increases metabolism and chemical changes within skin tissues. - Increases the production of perspiration on the skin. - Relieves pain. - Aids in deeper penetration of products into the skin.

Question 30

describe the benefits of ultraviolet rays

Answer 30

- produce changes in the chemistry of blood and stimulate activity of body cells - increase resistance to disease by increasing iron & vitamin D content and red and white cells in the blood - increase elimination of waste products - restores nutrition where needed - stimulated & improved circulation of blood and lymph flow

Question 31

define and describe disencrustation

Answer 31

Desincrustation comes from the word "incrust", which means to form into a crust or hard coating on a surface. In esthetic treatments it means a more profound cleansing - excess sebum and waste is removed by galvanic current through a process called saponification - chemical changes are produced when the galvanic current passes through the tissues & fluids of the body due to salt content (electrolysis)

Question 32

benefits of disencrustation

Answer 32

- This process is frequently used to treat acne, milia, blackheads and whiteheads - softens and breaks down hardened sebum - eases comedone extraction - drying effect on excess oil

Question 33

what is saponification?

Answer 33

The process by which a direct galvanic current, which produces soda by electrolysis, emulsifies the sebum and creates soap suds on the surface of the skin which are not visible by the naked eye.

Question 34

what is a direct current? (D/C)

Answer 34

A consistent and even flowing current. The electrons are | traveling in one direction only, and they have the ability to produce chemical effects.

Question 35

what is an alternating current? (A/C)

Answer 35

A rapid and interrupted current, which flows in one direction and then in the opposite direction. It has the ability to produce heat effects, and reverses its direction at regular intervals.

Question 36

contraindications to ALL electrical treatment?

Answer 36

``` ○uncontrolled Heart problems (hypertension, etc.) ○ Broken skin & blemishes ○ Cancer ○ Metal implants, pacemakers, braces ○ Pregnancy ○ Thyroid problems ○ Epilepsy ○ hypersensitivity ```

Question 37

contraindications to high frequency treatment?

Answer 37

- couperose skin - inflamed areas - pregnancy - epilepsy - pacemakers/metal implants/body piercings from the waist up - uncontrolled heart problems/disease - sinus blockage

Question 38

contraindications to galvanic treatment?

Answer 38

- hypersensitive skin, especially couperose, avoid sensitive areas - avoid broken skin/blemises - pregnancy - thyroid problems - uncontrolled heart problems/disease - cancer - metal implants

Question 39

what is ionization?

Answer 39

Ionization means introducing an element of chemical substances that have been decomposed by electrolysis into the human body. In esthetics we use ionization to facilitate a deeper penetration of cosmetic products into the skin.