how and why an emf is induced ?
when magnet is moving , magnetic flux in the coil changes , this induces an emf in the coil .
why does the needle move in opposite direction when magnet moves in opposite direction or poles are reversed ?
because induced current in coil always try to oppose the motion producing it .
magnetic flux def
it the product of magnetic flux density and area perpendicular to the magnetic field .
faradays law def
magnitude of emf induced is directly proportional to rate of change of magnetic flux linkage .