Board Review > Electrotherapy > Flashcards

Electrotherapy Flashcards

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1
Q

Flow of electrons

A

Current

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2
Q

Unit of current

A

Ampere

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3
Q

Types of current

A

Direct/Monophasic
Alternating/Biphasic

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4
Q

Type of current indicated for wound healing

A

Direct/Monophasic

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

Direct constant current is seen in

A

Iontophoressi

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7
Q

Type of current used for denervated muscle

A

Direct interrupted long

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8
Q

Types of alternating current

A

Faradic/Uneven
Sinusoidal/Even

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9
Q

Driving force of electron

A

Voltage

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10
Q

Unit of Voltage

A

Volt

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11
Q

Opposing factor to the current

A

Resistance

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12
Q

Unit of resistance

A

Ohm

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13
Q

Ohm’s Law

A

V = IR or V = AR

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14
Q

Most to Least Resistant Tissue

A

“Be Careful To See My Black Nipple”
1. Bone
2. Cartilage
3. Tendon
4. Skin
5. Muscle
6. Blood
7. Nerve

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15
Q

Amount of time needed by the muscle to produce minimum muscle contraction

A

Chronaxie

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16
Q

Normal chronaxie

A

< 1 ms

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17
Q

Increased chronaxie indicates

A

Decreased excitability

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18
Q

Polar Formula

A

CCC > ACC > AOC > COC

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19
Q

Automatic rise in threshold of excitation secondary to gradual increase in the intensity of the stimulus

A

Accomodation

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20
Q

To electrically stimulate a nerve of muscle, there must be a sudden change in the stimulus

A

Dubois-Reymond’s Law

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21
Q

Low Frequency ES

A

1-1000 Hz or 1000-2000 Hz

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22
Q

Transfer of medication into the skin via direct current

A

Iontophoresis

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23
Q

Law of Repulsion

A

Anode + Cation
Cathode + Anion

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24
Q

Anions medications used for Iontophoresis

A

NaCL
Salicylic Acid
Dexamethasone
Iodide
Acetic Acid
Water
Brass

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25
Anion medication for adhesion
NaCl
26
Anion medication for pain and inflammation
Salicylic acid
27
Anion medication for inflammation
Dexamethasone
28
Anion medication for wounds/keloids
Iodide
29
Anion medication for calcium deposits
Acetic acid
30
Anion medication for Hyperhidrosis
Water (H2O)
31
Anion medication for metal poisoning
Brass
32
This Gate Control Theory results in the pre-synaptic excitation of transmission cells
Open Gate Theory
33
This Gate Control Theory results in pre-synaptic inhibition of transmission cells
Closed Gate
34
What is the mechanism of TENS?
Closed Gate/Gate Control/Pre-Synaptic Inhibition
35
Which among the following is the mechanism of TENS? A. Gate Control B. Pre-Synaptic Inhibition C. Closed Gate D. AOTA E. NOTA
C.
36
Other name for conventional TENS
High Rate TENS
37
Parameters for Conventional TENS
PD: 50-100 microsecs Frequency: 50-80 pps Effects: Temporary Indication: Acute/Chronic Duration: 20-60 mins
38
Parameters for Acupuncture TENS
PD: 150-300 microsecs Frequency: 1-5 pps Effects: Long-lasting Indication: Chronic Duration: 20-60 mins
39
Parameters for Burst TENS
PD: 50-200 microsecs Frequency: 50-100 pps Effects: Long-lasting Indication: Diffuse Duration 20-30 mins
40
Other name for Acupuncture TENS
Low Rate TENS
41
Other name for Burst TENS
Pulse Train
42
Parameters for Brief Intense TENS
PD: 50-250 microsecs Frequency 80-150 pps Effects: Temporary Indication: Painful Duration: 15 mins
43
Parameters for Hyperstimulation
PD: 150-300 microsecs Frequency: 1-5 pps Effects: Long-lasting Indication: MPS, Taut bands Duration: 15-30 secs
44
Mediun Frequency Current
3,000-6,000 Hz/1,000-10,000 Hz
45
2,500 Hz delivered in 50/burst
Russian Current
46
Russian Current On/Off ratio for muscle strengthening
1:5
47
Russian Current On/Off ratio for muscle fatigue
5:1
48
Russian Current On/Off ratio for increasing ROM
2:5
49
Russian Current On/Off ratio for edema
1:1
50
Interferential Current
4,000 Hz
51
Constant Duty Cycles for IFC
100 Hz 1-10 Hz
52
Rhyhtmic Duty Cycles for IFC
1-10 Hz 90-100 hz 1-100 Hz
53
ES muscle re-education parameters
"FUSE AC 200-500" Wave: Asymmetrical/Symmetrical Biphasic 200-500 Pulse Duration: > 60 pps Stim Amp: Max Tolerable Duty Cycle: 1:1 Duration: 15 mins
54
ES muscle integrity/atrophy parameters
"MonBI 200-300/Russian Current" Wave: Mono/Biphasic, 2,500 Hz delivered in 50/burst Pulse Duration: > 40 pps Stim Amp: Max Tolerable Modulation: Smooth gradual Duty Cycle: 1:5 Duration: Varies
55
ES parameters for Scoliosis
"RM 220" Wave: Rectangular Monophasic 220 Pulse Duration: 25 pps Stim Amp: 50-70 mA Duty Cycle 1:1 Duration: Gradual to 8 hrs
56
ES approaches for spasticity
Direct Stimulation of Spastic Muscle Direct Stimulation-Antagonist Reciprocal Stimulation
57
ES Parameters for Direct Stimulation of Spastic Muscles
Same with muscle reeducation
58
ES Parameters for Direct Stimulation-Antagonist
Wave: Mono/Biphasic 200-500 Pulse Duration: 30-50 pps Stim Amp: Tolerable Duty Cycle 1:1 to 1:5 Duration: 15-20 misn
59
ES parameters for Reciprocal Stimulation
Wave: Mono/Biphasic 300 Pulse Duration: 30 pps Stim Amp: Tolerable Duty Cycle: 5:5 Duration: 15-20 mins
60
ES approaches to muscle spasm
Intermittent Stimulation High Frequency
61
ES parameters for Intermittent Stimulation of Muscle Spasm
Wave: Biphasic 200-300 Pulse Duration: 30-50 pps Stim Amp: Comfortable muscle contraction Mod: Surge Duty Cycle: 1:3 or 5:15 Duration: 15-20 mins
62
ES Parameters for High Frequency approach to Muscle Spasm
Wave: Mono/Biphasic 200-300 Pulse Duration: > 60 pps Stim Amp: Max Tolerable Duty Cycle: Cont Duration: 15-20 mins
63
ES parameters for Edema
"FUSE AC 200-500" Wave: Monophasic HVPC Pulse Duration: > 60 pps Stim Amp: Max Tolerable Duty Cycle: 1:1 Duration: 20-30 mins
64
ES approaches to tissue healing
Low Amplitude Continuous Unidirectional Stimulation Short Monophasic with HVPC
65
ES parameters for Low Amplitude Continuous Unidirectional
Wave: Continuous Unidirectional Stimulation Stim Amp: Low 200-1000 mA Duration: 1-2 hours
66
ES parameters for Short Monophasic with HVPC approach to Tissue Healing
Wave: Monophasic Pulse Duration: 80-105 pps Stim Amp: Subthreshold Duration: 30-60 mins
67
Ultrasound frequency for deep structures
1 MHz 5 cm
68
Ultrasound frequency for superficial structures
3 MHz 1-2 cm
69
Parameter for circular motion of US
2-3 sec/cycle
70
Effects of Pulsed US
Cavitation Acousting Streaming Micromassage
71
Parameters for Phonophoresis
1 MHz, 1.5 w/cm2
72
Contraindications to US
"TIPPCarGoDVa" 1. Tumor 2. Impaired sensation 3. Pregnant 4. Pacemaker 5. Carotid Sinus 6. Growing endplate 7. DVT 8. Vital Organs
73
Modality that provides the greatest amount of tissue heating
Diathermy
74
Frequencies of SWD with their corresponding wavelength
13.56 MHz - 22 m 27.12 MHz - 11 m 40.68 MHz - 7 m
75
Component of Microthermy
Magnetron Oscillator
76
Contraindications to MWD
"MAPEH" Metal Implants Acute Injury Pregnant Edema Hemorrhagic areas
77
How much sunlight is there in IRR?
60% sunlight
78
Mottled appearance after exposure to IRR
Erythemia ab igne
79
Factors affecting IRR
Wien's Law Inverse-Square Law
80
This factor affecting IRR states that wavelength is inversely proportional to temperature
Wien's Law
81
This factor or IRR states that heat intensity is inversely proportional to distance square
Inverse-Square Law
82
Characteristics of Luminous IRR
Short IRR Hot and Glowing Tungsten and Carbon Filament Provides deeper penetration 18-24 inches away
83
Characteristics of Non-Luminous IRR
Long IRR Preheating for 5 mins (non-glowing) Resistant wires More superficial 29-36 inches away
84
Contraindincations to IRR
"EAT SIUF" 1. Eyes 2. After X-Ray 3. Topical cream application 4. Skin infection 5. Impaired sensation 6. Unreliable patient 7. Fungal infection
85
Effects of UVR
"Pigs Grow and End Up as a Dumpling" Pigmentation Growth of epithelial cells Antibiotic effect Erythema Desquamation
86
Effects of minimum erythemal dose
Slight erythema
87
Effects of 1st Degree Dose of UVR
Erythema Skin peeling and itching
88
Effects of 2nd degree dose of UVR
Erythema Skin peeling and itching Edema
89
Effects of 3rd degree dose of UVR
Blister formation
90
Contraindications to UVR
"Her Dear Friend Took Photo Inside Dubai Mall" 1. Hypersensitivity 2. Dermatological 3. Fever 4. TB 5. Photosensitivity 6. IRR 7. Deep X-Ray 8. Malignancy
91
Body segment/part most sensitive to UVR
Face
92
Power and hazard of type 1 LASER
0.5 Mw; No Hazard
93
Power and hazard of type 2 LASER
1 mW; safe for momentary viewing
94
95
Power and hazard of type 3A LASER
5 mW; Laser pointer, eye damage with prolonged viewing
96
Power and hazard of type 3B LASER
500 mW; Therapy, eye damage with brief exposure
97
Power and hazard of type LASER
> 500 mW; High-powered laser, surgical and industrial cutting
98
Indication for LASER
Accelerate wound healing - Best choice (Reference: Cameron) Neurologic pain Arthritic pain Lymphedema
99
Contraindications to LASER
"CHEEP" 1. Cancer 2. Hemorrhagic areas 3. Eyes 4. Endocrine Organs 5. Pregnant
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