Embryological Development

Question 1

What is morbidity?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 1

Non-fatal health loss

• can be quick
• or a condition that leads to a long term change

Question 2

What is mortality?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 2

Death

Question 3

What are the 7 stages of life?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 3

• birth
• infancy
• early years
• childhood
• adolescence
• adults
• old people

Question 4

What are the sex chromosomes for each gender?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 4

Women have two X chromosomes (XX)

Men have an X and Y chromosome (XY)

Question 5

What happens in the first 10 days of life?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 5

• fertilisation, combining genetic ovum and sperm
• cell division, producing a solid ball of cells
• reorganises into an inner cell mass and an outer cell mass with fluid spaces
• cells migrate to form a 3rd layer
• embryo implants into the uterine wall, with outer cells forming the placenta
• cells of the embryo start to metabolise and grow

Question 6

What is meiosis?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 6

Cell division where the number of chromosomes is halved.

It involves two successive divisions of a diploid cell (a cell with two sets of chromosomes) to produce four haploid daughter cells (cells with one set of chromosomes).

Question 7

What happens once the sperm penetrates the ovum?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 7

fertilises it, combining their genetic material,

restores the 23 complemented pair chromosomes as sperm and ovum only have 23 single chromosomes each

Question 8

Where does the zygote go after fertilisation?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 8

moves from fallopian tube to lining of uterus (endometrium)

Question 9

What happens after the embryo has implanted?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 9

Draws nutrition and support from the mother, metabolising and growing.

Question 10

What are the three cell layers?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 10

• ectoderm (posterior) forms the skin and nervous system
• mesoderm (middle) forms muscles, bones, circulatory system, reproductive system
• endoderm (endoderm) forms digestive and respiratory system

Question 11

What is established by 4.5 months in the foetus?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 11

• nervous system
• cortical and subcortical structures
• major fibre pathways
• neurones

Question 12

What does the neonatal brain need to continue developing once born?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 12

Inputs from the environment replayed by ther sensory systems

Question 13

Why does the brain need to continue developing once born?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 13

• shapes development and learning of nervous system
• is evident in physical, intellectual, language, and social development

Question 14

When does the cardiovasular system form?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 14

From the third week

Question 15

When does the gastrointestinal system form?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 15

When the endodermal sheet folds over and forms a primitve gut in week 3-4

Question 16

Where do the lungs develop from?

(Glasper et al, 2006)

Answer 16

Mesoderm and endodermal layers