BIOL213 > EMBRYOLOGY > Flashcards

EMBRYOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

the branch of biology that studies the prenatal
development of gametes (sex cells),
fertilization, and development of embryos and
fetuses.

A

embryology

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2
Q

“Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny”,
theorizes that the stages an animal embryo undergoes
during development are a chronological replay of that
species’ past evolutionary forms.

A

Ernst Haeckel

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3
Q

“Recapitulation is not the only relationship between
embryos and ancestors”

A

Gavin de Beers

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4
Q

✓Embryonic structures may or may not be present from their ancestors or descendants.
✓Embryonic structures - vestigial (lost); or retained to adulthood.
✓Developmental stages may be repeated in earlier stage but not in later stages.
✓Developmental sequence may or may not be altered in the descendant.

A

Gavin de Beers

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5
Q

are an organism’s reproductive cells or sex cells

A

gametes

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6
Q

gametes are __, and each cell carries only one copy of each chromosome

A

haploid

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7
Q

process of formation of gametes

A

gametogenesis

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8
Q

cells that produces testosterone in the presence of
luteinizing hormone (LH).

A

Leydig cells

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9
Q

is a “nurse” cell of a seminiferous tubule and helps in the process of spermatogenesis

A

Sertoli cell

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10
Q

is the final stage of spermatogenesis, which sees the maturation of spermatids into mature spermatozoa

A

spermiogenesis

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11
Q

an endocrine structure that continuously release hormones responsible for the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus.

A

corpus luteum

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12
Q

Is the fusion of haploid gametes, egg and sperm, to form the diploid zygote

A

fertilization

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13
Q

step-by-step process of fertilization

A

(1) sperm makes contact with egg
(2) acrosome reacts with zona pellucida
(3) acrosome reacts with perivitelline space
(4) plasma membranes of sperm and egg fuse
(5) sperm nucleus enters egg
(6) cortical granules fuse with egg plasma membrane, which renders the vitelline layer impenetrable to sperm

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14
Q

the formation of the blastomeres

A

cellulation (cleavage)

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15
Q

The process by which the zygote undergo repeated
mitotic cell division

A

cleavage

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16
Q

is a mass of 16 totipotent cells in a spherical
shape

A

morula

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17
Q

spherical layer of cells (the blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity (the blastocoel).

A

blastula

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18
Q

EPIBLAST or EPIMERE; developing embryo
nourished by the vegetal pole (dorsal cells–ECTODERM)

A

animal pole

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19
Q

HYPOBLAST or HYPOMERE or developing yolk;
nourishes the embryo GUT
(ventral cells–ENDODERM)

A

vegetal pole

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20
Q

(4) classifications of egg based on the amount of yolk

A

alecithal
microcithal
mesolecithal
macrolecithal/polylecithal

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21
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
egg contains no yolk

A

alecithal

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22
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
egg contain small or negligible amount of yolk

A

microlecithal

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23
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
eutherian mammals

A

alecithal

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24
Q

classification of egg based on the amount of yolk
amphioxus, tunicates

A

microlecithal

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25
classification of egg based on the amount of yolk egg contins moderate amount of yolk
mesolecithal
26
classification of egg based on the amount of yolk dipnoi, petromyzon
mesolecithal
27
classification of egg based on the amount of yolk egg contains high mount of yolk
macrolecithal/polylecithal
28
classification of egg based on the amount of yolk reptile, birds
macrolecithal/polylecithal
29
(2) distribtion of yolk
isolecithal/homolecithal telolecithal
30
distribtion of yolk A very little amount of yolk present and is uniformly distributed through out the egg
isolecithal/homolecithal
31
distribtion of yolk echinoderm, amphioxus, mammals
isolecithal/homolecithal
32
distribtion of yolk Egg contains moderate or large amount of yolk, distribution of yolk is unequal (concentrated in the Vegetal pole)
telolecithal
33
(2) influence of yolk on cleavage
holoblastic meroblastic
34
influence of yolk on cleavage Type of cleavage furrow bisects the entire egg.
holoblastic (complete) cleavage
35
influence of yolk on cleavage Type of cleavage furrow restricted to the active cytoplasm found either in the animal pole (macrolecithal egg).
meroblastic (incomplete) cleavage
36
type of cleavage found birds fish
meroblastic (incomplete) cleavage
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type of cleavagefound amphibians mammals
holoblastic (complete) cleavage
38
cleavage in amphibians (4) structures
mesolecithal vegetal pole animal pole blastocoel
39
cleavage in amphibians holoblastic; unequal-sized blastomeres
mesolecithal
40
cleavage in amphibians larger blastomeres; nourishes the embryo; slower development
vegetal pole
41
cleavage in amphibians smaller blastomeres; developing embryo
animal pole
42
cleavage in amphibians towards animal pole
blastocoel
43
cleavage in birds/aves (4) structures
macrolecithal vegetal pole animal pole narrow blastocoel
44
cleavage in birds/aves “meroblastic” (partial cleavage); unequal￾sized blastomeres
macrolecithal
44
cleavage in birds/aves large size yolk mass; too great to be penetrated by cleavage furrow
vegetal pole
44
cleavage in birds/aves is relatively small (blastoderm)
animal pole
45
Process in which the single-layered blastula is reorganized into a multilayered structure known as the gastrula.
gastrulation
45
Cell found inside the blastocyst (is the mass of cells that give rise to the definitive structures of the embryo)
inner cell mass (ICM)
45
Cells found outside the blastocyst (provide nutrients to the embryo and develop into a large part of the placenta).
trophoblast
46
cleavage in mammals
microlecithal
46
cleavage in mammals holoblastic; unequal-sized blastomeres
microlecithal
46
is a structure formed in the early development of mammals
blastocyst
46
__ result in a massive reorganization of the embryo from a simple spherical ball of cells, the blastula, into a multi-layered organism.
Cell movements
47
important outcomes of gastrulation
* Formation of the three (3) embryonic germ layers. * Formation of the embryonic gut (archenteron). * Appearance of the major body axes.
47
(3) germ layers
ectoderm mesoderm endoderm
47
the middle germ layer
mesoderm
47
the outermost germ layer
ectoderm
48
the innermost germ layer
endoderm
48
the ectoderm forms the (4)
skin brain nervous system other external tissues
49
the mesoderm forms the (3)
muscle skeletal system circulatory system
50
the endoderm forms the (2)
the lining of: gut other internal organs
51
Multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types
mesenchymal stem cell
52
Unspecialized pack of tissue of a developing embryo and its cells enter into the formation of specialized tissues
mesenchymal stem cell
53
multiple differentiation potential of MSCs (10)
cartilage bone adipose muscle nerve myocardium liver cornea trachea skin
54
having a body derived from only two embryonic cell layers (ectoderm and endoderm, but no mesoderm)
diploblastic
55
having a body derived from three embryonic cell layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
triploblastic
56
diploblastic/triploblastic spondes coelenterates
diploblastic
57
diploblastic/triploblastic all multicellular animals (except sponges and coelenterates)
triploblastic
58
Animals in which the blastopore becomes the mouth
protostome
59
Animals in which the blastopore becomes the anus
deuterostome
60
prostosome/deuterostome primitive invertebrates
protostome
61
prostosome/deuterostome echinoderms and chordates
deuterostome
62
proces of gastrulation
(1) gastrulation begins when cells in the region of the gray crescent move inward, forming the dorsal lip of the future blastopore (2) cells of the animal pole spread out, pushing surface cells belowthem toward and across the dorsal lip. these cells move into the itnerior of the embryo, where they form the endoderm and mesoderm (3) the archenteron expands, destroying the blastocoel. the blastospore lip forms a circle, with cells moving to the interior all around the blastopore; the yolk plug is visible through the blastopore.
62
process of neurulation
(1) notochord forms from mesoderm cells soon after gastrulation is complete (2) signals from notochord cause inward folding of ectoderm at the neural plate (3) ends of neural plate fuse and disconnect to form an autonomous neural tube
63
Refers to the folding process in vertebrate embryos, which includes the transformation of the neural plate into the neural tube.
neurulation
63
It is the process by which the three germ tissue layers of the embryo, which are the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm, develop into the internal organs of the organism
organogenesis
63
the embryo at the stage neurulation is termed as
neurula
64
Migration of primordial germ cells (Mesenchyme).
organogenesis
65
embryo Establishes the head and tail
holoblastic embryo
66
embryo 3 germ layers spread faced down on the uncleaved yolk
meroblastic embryo
67
organogenesis: endoderm (3)
foregut midgut hindgut
68
organogenesis: endoderm major structures formed by the foregut
epithelium: oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx, gill, esophagus, lung
69
organogenesis: endoderm major structures formed by the midgut
visceral organs: stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, intestines, germ cells of gonads (ovary & testis), part of the yolk sac membrane, part of the allantois
70
organogenesis: endoderm major structures formed by the hindgut
urinary bladder; cloaca/anus
71
organogenesis: mesoderm (7) layers
outer epimere - dermatome middle epimere - myotome inner epimee - sclerotome chordamesoderm intermediate mesoderm somatic hypomere splanchnic hypomere
72
organogenesis: mesoderm outer epimere - dermatome
skin dermis
73
organogenesis: mesoderm middle epimere - myotome
muscles: axial, appendicular, ranchiomeric, hypobranchal
74
organogenesis: mesoderm inner epimere - sclerotome
vertebral column
75
organogenesis: mesoderm chordamesoderm
notochord
76
organogenesis: mesoderm intermediate mesoderm
kidney; urogenital ducts
77
organogenesis: mesoderm somatic hypomere
bones: ribs, sternum, appendicular skeleton, some appendicular muscles, parietal peritoneum (outer abdominal wall); genital ridge; part of amnion and chorion
78
organogenesis: mesoderm splanchnic hypomer
blood, heart, gut, smooth muscle, visceral peritoneum (inner abdominal wall); yolk sac and allantois
79
organogenesis: ectoderm (4)
somatic ectoderm neural plate ectoderm epidermal placodes ectomesenchyme (neural crest)
80
organogenesis: ectoderm somatic ectoderm
skin epidermis; teeth enamel; stomodeum (mouth); proctodeum (anus/cloaca); gill epitheleum; part of amnion and chorion
81
organogenesis: ectoderm neural plate ectoderm
brain; spinal cord
82
organogenesis: ectoderm epidermal placodes
capsules; olfactory; optic; otic; epibranchial capsules; neuromast (electroreceptors organs); gnaglia of some cranial nerves
83
organogenesis: ectoderm ectomesenchyme (neural crest)
spinal ganglia; splanchnocranium; neurocranium (part); dermatocranium (part); teeth dentine; eye cornea; chromatophores (pigment cells); branchiomeric muscle; aortic arches; heart septum (divides the right and left side of heart)
84
* membranes which assist in the development of the embryo. * originate from the embryo, but are not considered part of it. * typically perform roles in nutrition, gas exchange, and waste removal
extraembryonic membranes
85
* Eggs are laid in water; yolk sac is the only fetal membrane formed. * Yolk sac – formed from 3 germ layers to absorb the yolk into the body * Respiration and excretion are direct contact with the environment
fish
86
* Mammals that produce a shelled egg like their reptilian ancestors. * Spiny anteater (echidna) and Duckbill platypus
mammals: monotremes
87
* Pouched mammals (no typical placenta), Marsupials (Kangaroo, Wombat). * Embryo is poorly supplied with yolk, yolk sac provides a rudimentary connection to the mother's blood (food, oxygen, and other essentials). * The young are born in a very immature state (they are able to crawl into a pouch on the mother's abdomen, attach themselves to nipples, and drink milk from her mammary glands).
mammals: metaherian
88
* Placental mammals. * The extraembryonic membranes form a placenta and umbilical cord (connect the embryo to the mother's uterus) * Placenta functions include gas exchange, metabolic transfer, hormone secretion, and fetal protection.
mammals: eutherian
89
reptiles and birds (4 structures of egg)
amnion yolk sac chorion allantois
90
reptiles and birds protects the embryo in a sac filled with amniotic fluid
amnion
91
reptiles and birds contains yolk —the sole source of food until hatching (mixture or proteins and lipoproteins)
yolk sac
92
reptiles and birds lines the inner surface of the shell (which is permeable to gases) and participates in the exchange of O2and CO2between theembryo and the outside air
chorion
93
reptiles and birds stores metabolic wastes (chiefly uric acid) of the embryo and participates in gas exchange.
allantois
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