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Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

Defective sonic hedgehog gene?

A
  • gene is involved in patterning along anterior-posterior axis
  • defect assoc with holoprosencephaly (forebrain fails to develop into 2 hemispheres; have 1 central eye…)
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2
Q

Defect in FGF gene?

A
  • involved in lengthening of limbs

- defect –> Achondroplasia

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3
Q

Hox genes: -what do they code for? if defective?

A
  • code for DNA-binding transcription factors; involved in segmental organization of embryo in a cranio-caudal direction
  • Hox mutations–> appendages in wrong locations (ie extra fused digit between 3rd and 4th fingers)
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4
Q

When is embryo most susceptible to teratogens?

A

between 3-8 weeks, embryonically (so, 5-10 weeks of pregnancy) = “embryonic period” (b/c this is when organogenesis occurs)

  • **note: before week 3: all-or-none (miscarriage or nothing)
  • **after week 8: growth and function are affected
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5
Q

What week, embryologically, does the heart begin to beat?

A

week 4

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6
Q

When is it “embryo”? “fetus”?

A
  • “embryo”–> weeks 3-8

- “fetus”–> at week 8, on

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7
Q

When does hCG secretion begin?

A

within 1 week after fertilization

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8
Q

What week does the neural tube close?

A

Neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week 4 (this is why MUST already be taking folic acid prior to pregnancy, b/c spinal development occurs within the first 4 weeks!)

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9
Q

Adenohypophysis arises from which embryologic derivative/germ layer?

A

Adenohypophysis = Ant pituitary; arises from Rathke’s pouch, from Surface Ectoderm

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10
Q

Neurohypophysis arises from which embryologic germ layer/derivative?

A

Neuroectoderm

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11
Q

Neural Crest derivatives:

A
  • ANS
  • dorsal root ganglia
  • cranial nerves
  • celiac ganglion
  • melanocytes
  • chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
  • parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid
  • Schwann cells
  • pia and arachnoid
  • bones of skull
  • odontoblasts (teeth–>crest toothpaste!)
  • aorticopulmonary septum (spiral septum of heart)
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12
Q

Which germ layer does the spleen arise from?

A

Mesoderm

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13
Q

Nucleus pulposus is derived from?

A

Notochord; Notochord induces ectoderm to differentiate into neuroectoderm and form the neural plate; neural plate gives rise to neural tube and neural crest cells; notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk in adults

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14
Q

Agenesis vs Hypoplasia vs Aplasia

A

Agenesis: No primordial tissue, so no organ
Hypoplasia: Primordial tissue present, but incomplete organ development
Aplasia: Primordial tissue present, but no organ

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15
Q

Malformation vs Deformation

A

Malformation: Intrinsic disruption (like a teratogen); occurs during embryonic period (3-8 weeks)
Deformation: extrinsic disruption; occurs after embryonic period (after week 8)

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16
Q

teratogenic effect of aminoglycosides?

A

CN VIII toxicity (hearing problems)

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17
Q

teratogenic effect of DES (diethylstilbestrol), a synthetic estrogen

A

Vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma (in female fetuses, when older)

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18
Q

Ebstein’s anomaly (enlarged Right atrium; small Right ventricle) - assoc with which teratogen?

A

Lithium

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19
Q

Neural tube defects –> caused by which teratogens?

A

-Folate antagonists
-Carbamazepine
-Valproate
(Valproate and Carbamazepine decrease folate absorption; so, if pts are taking these drugs during pregnancy, then must take extra folate)

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20
Q

infant with flat nasal bridge, “railroad track” ears, thin upper limb, small palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, upturned nose, smooth philtrum (space from nose to upper lip)… may be caused by which teratogen?

A

Alcohol (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)

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21
Q

Which fetal structure secretes hCG?

A

Syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer of chorionic villi)

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22
Q

Decidua basalis

A

maternal component of the placenta; derived from the endometrium; if absent, get placenta accreta (placenta attaches to myometrium instead of to endometrium; so, no separation of placenta after birth; get massive bleeding after delivery)

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23
Q

How many umbilical artery/ies? Vein/s?

A

2 umbilical arteries
1 umbilical vein

*both are derived from the allantois

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24
Q

Urachal duct: what is it? what’s it formed from? what if duct fails to obliterate?

A

During 3rd week: yolk sac forms allantois, which extends into urogenital sinus; allantois becomes urachus, which is a duct between bladder and yolk sac (so, connects fetal bladder to maternal system)

  • If urachus does not obliterate after birth:
  • patent urachus –> urine discharge from umbilicus
  • vesicourachal diverticulum –> outpouching of bladder; asymptomatic
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25
urine discharge from umbilicus in neonate: what's the cause/abnormality?
-Failure of urachal duct to obliterate (urachal duct connects fetal bladder to maternal system in utero)
26
Vitelline duct: What is it? Abnormalities associated with it?
- Vitelline duct = omphalomesenteric duct --> connects yolk sac to midgut lumen - -> obliterated at 7th week * Abnormalities: - Vitelline fistula = failure of duct to close; get meconium discharge from umbilicus - Meckel's diverticulum = partial closure of duct, may have portion attached to ileum; may have ectopic gastric mucosa --> melena and periumbilical pain
27
meconium discharge from umbilicus: what abnormality caused this?
Vitelline fistula (failure of the vitalline/omphalomesenteric duct to close)
28
Meckel's diverticulum cause?
Due to partial closure of the Vitelline duct (instead of full closure)
29
Truncus Arteriosus: What does it give rise to? | Pathologies associated with abnormal formation?
Gives rise to ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk: -Have neural crest migration --> truncal and bulbar ridges that spiral and fuse to form the aorticopulmonary septum --> ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk Pathologies: - Transposition of great vessels (failure to spiral) - TOF (skewed AP septum development) - Persistent TA (from partial AP septum development)
30
Bulbus cordis gives rise to:
Right Ventricle and smooth parts (outflow tract) of LV and RV
31
Left horn of sinus venosus gives rise to:
coronary sinus
32
Right horn of sinus venosus gives rise to:
smooth part of right atrium
33
Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein give rise to:
SVC
34
Where does fetal erythropoiesis occur at different stages?
"Young Liver Synthesizes Blood" * Yolk sac --> 3-8 weeks * Liver --> 6-30 weeks * Spleen --> 9-28 weeks * Bone marrow --> 28 weeks onward
35
Which fetal shunt is patent in about 20-30% of normal adults?
Patent Forament Ovale (kept closed b/c LA pressure > RA pressure)
36
Ductus Venosus
shunts blood from umbilical vein to IVC (bypasses hepatic circulation)
37
Foramen Ovale
shunts blood entering RA from IVC into LA so that it can be pumped out through the aorta to the head and body
38
Ductus Arteriosus
connects pulmonary artery to aortic arch; blood from LV can bypass pulmonary circulation
39
Fossa Ovalis
Foramen Ovale, after it closes (upon baby's first breaths)
40
What happens when infant takes a breath at birth?
Breath--> decreased resistance in pulmonary vaculature --> pressure in LA > pressure in RA; foramen ovale closes --> increased O2 leads to decreased PG's --> closure of ductus arteriosus
41
How does deoxygenated blood in fetus go back to mother's circulation?
After circulating, blood goes through internal iliac arteries to Umbilical arteries ---> mother!
42
Amniotic fluid findings in neural tube defects
increased alpha-fetoprotein and increased Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
43
Anencephaly: Findings in amniotic fluid?
- malformation of anterior end of neural tube --> no brain | - increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid + polyhydramnios (b/c no swallowing center in brain)
44
Holoprosencephaly: What is it? What conditions are associated with?
no separation of hemispheres, so may get one central eye (cyclopia), etc... -Associated with: Patau's syndrome (trisomy 13), severe fetal alcohol syndrome, cleft lip/palate, abnormal sonic hedgehog gene
45
Chiari II
cerebellar tonsillar herniation through foramen magnus with aqueductal stenosis and hydrocephaly; often presents with syringomyelia
46
Dandy Walker
Large posterior fossa, absent cerebellar vermis with cystic enlargement of 4th ventricle; may lead to hydrocephalus and spina bifida
47
Syringomyelia
- enlargement of central canal of spinal cord; usually at C8-T1 * loss of pain and temperature sensation in upper extremities with preservation of touch sensation * associated with Chiari II malformation
48
Aortic Arch Derivatives:
* 1st aortic arch --> Maxillary artery (branch of external carotid) * 2nd aortic arch --> Stapedial artery and Hyoid artery * 3rd aortic arch --> common carotid artery and proximal part of the internal carotid artery * 4th aortic arch --> on left: aortic arch; on right: proximal part of right subclavian artery * 6th aortic arch --> proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus
49
Derivative of 1st branchial cleft
1st cleft --> external auditory meatus
50
Branchial Cleft Cysts vs. Thyroglossal Duct Cysts
Branchial Cleft cysts --> within lateral neck; doesn't move with swallowing; d/t persistent cervical sinus Thyroglossal duct cyst --> in midline of neck; moves with swallowing
51
1st branchial arch derivatives:
Ms and Ts! Cartilage: Meckel's; Mandible, Malleus, Mandibular ligament Muscles of Mastication: Temporalis, Masseter, lateral and Medial pterygoids, Mylohyoid, Tensor Tympani, Tensor veli palatini, ant Two-Thirds of Tongue Nerves: CN V2 and V3 (Mandibular and Maxillary of Trigeminal)
52
2nd branchial arch derivatives:
S's! Cartilage: Stapes, Styloid process, Stylohyoid ligament, etc Muscles: Stapedius, Styloyoid, etc Nerve: CN VII (Seven! for Smiles!)
53
3rd branchial arch derivatives:
Pharyngeal! Cartilage: greater horn of hyoid Muscle: stylo-pharyngeus Nerve: glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
54
4th-6th branchial arch derivatives:
Neck and Voice box! * 4th arch --> muscles include cricothyroid muscle; nerve: superior laryngeal branch of CN X * 6th arch --> all intrinsic muscles of larynx EXCEPT cricothyroid; nerve: recurrent laryngeal branch (CN X)
55
1st branchial pouch derivatives:
middle ear cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells
56
2nd branchial pouch derivatives
Palatine tonsil
57
3rd branchial pouch derivatives:
dorsal wings --> inferior parathyroids | ventral wings --> thymus
58
4th branchial pouch derivatives:
superior parathyroids
59
Most common ectopic thyroid tissue site?
Tongue
60
Foramen cecum
normal remnant of thyroglossal duct
61
Failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes
Cleft lip
62
Failure of fusion of the lateral palatine processes, the nasal septum, and/or the median palatine processes
Cleft palate
63
Which artery supplies the foregut? midgut? hindgut?
Celiac Artery --> foregut SMA --> midgut IMA --> hindgut
64
Foregut =
pharynx to duodenum; supplied by celiac artery
65
Midgut =
duodeum to transverse colon (splenic flexure/watershed area); supplied by SMA
66
Hindgut =
distal transverse colon (splenic flexure/watershed area) to rectum; supplied by IMA
67
Gastroschisis
extrusion of abdominal contents through abdominal folds; not covered by peritoneum (increased AFP in amniotic fluid)
68
Omphalocele
persistence of herniation of abdominal contents into umbilical cord; covered by peritoneum (Increased AFP in amniotic fluid)
69
infant with cyanosis, choking/vomiting with feeding, air bubble in stomach on CXR, polyhydramnios (in utero), can't pass NG tube into stomach, pneumonitis
Tracheoesophageal fistula (polyhydramnios, b/c fetus can't swallow amniotic fluid, b/c blind esophagus, etc...)
70
infant about 2 weeks old with: palpable "olive" mass in epigastric region and non-bilious projectile vomiting
Congenital pyloric stenosis (most common condition requiring surgery during first month of life)
71
What germ layer does the pancreas arise from?
Endodermal
72
Ventral pancreatic bud becomes? Dorsal pancreatic bud becomes?
* Ventral pancreatic bud --> pancreatic head, uncinate process, and main pancreatic duct * Dorsal pancreatic bud --> becomes everything else
73
Annular pancreas
Ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd part of duodenum; forms ring of pancreatic tissue that may cause duodenal narrowing
74
Potter's syndrome:
bilateral renal agenesis --> oligohydramnios --> limb deformities, facial deformities, pulmonary hyperplasia *caused by malformation of ureteric bud
75
Horseshoe kidney
Fusion of inferior poles of both kidneys; get trapped under INFERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERY and thus remain low in the abdomen * kidneys function normally * assoc. with Turner's syndrome
76
Mesonephric duct develops into:
Mesonephric duct = Wolffian duct (development is stimulated by androgen secretion from Leydig cells) * Develops into male internal structures (except prostate!): "SEED" - Seminal vesicles - Epididymis - Ejaculatory duct - Ductus deferens
77
Paramesonephric duct develops into:
Paramesonephric duct = Mullerian duct; develops into female internal structures: - Fallopian tube - Uterus - upper 1/3rd of vagina (Lower 2/3rds of vagina develop from urogenital sinus)
78
Cause of bicornuate uterus?
Incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts
79
Female equivalent of glans penis?
glans clitoris
80
female equivalent of corpus cavernosum and spongiosum?
vestibular bulbs
81
female equivalent of bulbourethral glands?
greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin)
82
female equivalent of prostate gland?
Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene)
83
female equivalent of of ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)?
labia minora
84
female equivalent of scrotum?
labia majora
85
Female and Male remnants of Gubernaculum?
Female: ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus Male: fibrous tissue that anchors testes within scrotum
86
Female and Male remnants of Processus vaginalis?
Female: Obliterated Male: forms the tunica vaginalis
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