TV1003 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

embryonic period

A

characterised by spectacular growth and differentiation of tissues

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2
Q

fetal period

A

begins after all major organ systems are established and is characterised by growth and maintenance

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3
Q

gametogenesis

A

stage 1: production of sperm and ova

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4
Q

fertilisation of ovum

A

stage 2: sperm penetrates ovum and nuclear materials fuse

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5
Q

segmentation/ cleavage

A

stage 3: rapid division with little growth

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6
Q

gastrulation

A

stage 4: development of 3 germ layers

  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
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7
Q

differentiation

A

stage 5: development of new cell types

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8
Q

histogenesis

A

stage 6: creation of cells typical of body tissues

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9
Q

organogenesis

A

stage 7: formation of recognisable organs

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10
Q

morphogenesis

A

stage 8: the moulding of the form and shape of the body

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11
Q

cell cycle

A

produce daughter cells by dividing its DNA and duplicating

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12
Q

G1 phase

A

metabolic changes prepare the cell for division.

-> at the restriction point- the cell is committed to division and moves to S phase

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13
Q

S phase

A

DNA synthesis replicated the genetic material

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14
Q

G2 phase

A

metabolic changes assemble the cytoplasmic materials necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis

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15
Q

M phase

A

mitosis- nuclear division followed by cell division (cytokinesis)

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

eukaryotic cell division- the same genetic material as parent produces 2 daughter cells

NOTE: essential for development of growth (tissue repair and cell replacement)

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17
Q

Prophase

A

centrosome duplicates itself to form 2 daughter centrosomes that migrate to opposite ends of the cell

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18
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • chromosomes migrate to equatorial plane
  • spindle fibres bind to kinetochore
  • individual spindle fibres bind to a kinetochore structure on each side of the centromere
  • chromosomes continue to condense
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19
Q

Metaphase

A

chromosomes align themselves along metaphase plate

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20
Q

Anaphase

A
  • chromosomes divide
  • chromosomes are pulled apart and move to opposite ends of the cell
  • separated sister chromatids –> daughter cells
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21
Q

Telophase

A
  • nuclear membrane reforms around chromosomes grouped at wither pole of the cell
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • spindle fibres disappear
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22
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • forms two new cells
    1. in plants: cell plate forms
    2. in animals: there is a constriction of the cytoplasm
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23
Q

Meiosis

A

produces haploid sex cells (gametes) from diploid cells

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24
Q

1st meiotic division

A

AKA: reduction division

reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non- sister chromatids

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25
Prophase 1
homologous chromosomes of each pair mate and form TETRADS
26
Leptotene
(Prophase 1): chromosomes start to condense
27
zygotene
(Prophase 1): homologous chromosomes become closely associated (synapsis) to form pairs of chromosomes (bivalents) consisting of 4 chromatids (tetrads)
28
bivalents
pairs of chromosomes
29
tetrads
4 chromatids
30
Pachytene
(Prophase 1): crossing over between pairs of homologous chromosomes to form chiasmata (singular. chiasma)
31
Diplotene
(Prophase 1): homologous chromosomes start to separate but remain attached by chiasmata
32
Diakinesis
(Prophase 1): homologous chromosomes continue to separate, and chiasmata move to the ends of the chromosomes
33
Metaphase 1
homologous pairs of chromosomes arranged as a double row along the metaphase plate (genetic variation through random assortment)
34
Anaphase 1
homologous chromosomes in each bivalent are separated and moves to opposite poles
35
Telophase 1
homologous chromosomes in each bivalent are separated and moves to opposite poles
36
Interkinesis
separates the 1st meiotic division to the 2nd meiotic division
37
2nd Meiotic division
The chromosomes are halved - goes through Prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2, cytokinesis
38
Gametogenesis
consists of different successive stages of differentiation and maturation of the primordial germ cells into gametes --> ova and sperm
39
Primordial Germ Cells
are from primitive ectoderm | - colonise the endoderm of the yolk sac (or umbilical) and the allantois
40
Gametes
a mature haploid (male or female) germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex --> forms a zygote.
41
Spermatogenesis
primordial germ cells undergo mitosis and produce gremlin stem cells. NOTE: cells of mesoderm (genital ridge) form seminiferous cords in testes development LEARN THE PROCESS OF SPERMATOGENESIS
42
Spermiogenesis
the metamorphosis of the spermatid to the spermatozoid
43
Spermatid
conventional cellular structure undergoes remodelling to acquire the morphology and functional capacity of the spermatozoid.
44
Spermiation
means the gradual migration of maturing sperm into the lumen of the seminiferous tubule
45
Oogenesis
development and maturation of the primordial germ cells in the ova
46
Oogonia
an immature female reproductive cell that gives rise to primary oocytes by mitosis - undergoes repeated mitosis in the fatal ovary (ceases after birth)
47
Folliculogenesis
development and follicle maturation
48
Zona Pellucida
a prominent translucent acellular layer that is condensely formed by glycoproteins, secreted primarily by the oocyte
49
Antrum
Fluid- filled cavity
50
Granulosa cells
stratified layers of cuboidal cells
51
Ovulation
release of the ovum from the follicle
52
Oviduct
in vertebrates, other than mammals, the passageway from the ovaries of the body is called the oviduct AKA: fallopian tube in mammals - the eggs travel along the oviduct - these eggs + sperm = zygote NOTE: in birds= one side is favoured thus only one functional oviduct is found.
53
Fertilisation
process by which a sperm and egg fuse to form a zygote 1. sperm penetrates corona radiata 2. sperm attaches to sperm receptor to
54
Capacitation
a functional maturation of the spermatozoon
55
Polyspermy
an egg that's been fertilised by more than one sperm
56
In Vitro Fertilisation
fertilisation outside the genital tract of the secondary oocytes with capacitated sperm - transfer to a recipient cycled mother
57
Cleavage
cell division while still enclosed in zona pellucida | - little or no growth in size
58
Morula
a ball of (10-64 cells)
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Blastomere
each cell produced as a result of cleavage
60
TYPE OF SEGMENTATION | Very large yolk
in birds, fish and reptiles | - zygote prevents complete cleavage (mesoblastic cleavage- partial)
61
TYPE OF SEGMENTATION | Very little yolk
in mammals | - total (holoblastic) cleavage and the blastomeres are of similar size
62
TYPE OF SEGMENTATION | small amount of yolk
in amphibians | - yolk accumulation in vegetal pole retards mitosis and blastomeres have diff. sizes.
63
Dauber Layer
the trophectoderm that covers the inner cell mass
64
Hypoblast
(primitive ectoderm) will line the entire inner face of the embryonic disk then of the trophectoderm.
65
Gastrulation
the process by which the embryonic disc is converted into a trilaminar structure (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) following the proliferation and migration of cells from the surface inward.
66
GASTRULATION | Ectoderm sheets will create...
epidermis and nervous
67
GASTRULATION | Mesoderm sheets will create...
Urogenital, circulatory and musculoskeletal
68
GASTRULATION | Endoderm sheets will create...
digestive and respiratory
69
blastulation
compaction of morula to form blastula before implantation
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