emotional development

Question 1

what are emotions?

Answer 1

emotions are complex reactions to the envt.
- subjective feeling
- desire to take action / ctrl envt
- physiological rxns
- cognition

Question 2

what does the discrete emotions theory state?

Answer 2

1. emotions are innate
2. emotions tied to specific body/facial reactions
3. emotions and rxns present at birth

Question 3

what does the functionalist emotions theory state?

Answer 3

1. emotions have functions
2. envt influences emotions
3. emotions emerge w experience

Question 4

what are the 2 emotion theories?

Answer 4

1. discrete emotions theory
2. functionalist emotions theory

Question 5

babies begin to express emotions at birth.

what emotions can they express?

Answer 5

1. interest
2. disgust
3. distress - generalised negative response

Question 6

what positive emotions appear in a child’s 1st year of life?

Answer 6

1 mth: smiles triggered by envt

2-3 mths: voluntary, social smiles

3-4 mths: laughter

7 mths: preference for familiar ppl

Question 7

when do babies express anger distinct from distress?

Answer 7

4-8 mths

Question 8

what negative emotions appear in a baby?

Answer 8

4-8 mths: anger distinct from distress

6-7 mths: fear of strangers

7-12 mths: fear of loud toys, sudden movements

8-15 mths: separation anxiety (emerges from 7 mths, peaks 8-10 mths, disappears 2nd year of life)

Question 9

what age do babies start to be self-conscious?

Answer 9

age 2 (18-24 mths)

Question 10

what are some self-conscious emotions?

Answer 10

1. pride
2. embarrassment
3. shame (focus on self)
4. guilt (focus on others)

Question 11

what are the 3 components in understanding others’ emotions?

Answer 11

1. identifying emotions
2. understanding causes of emotions
3. understanding real/false emotions

Question 12

emotional ___________ is present in very young infants. it indicates an awareness of ________, but not necessarily any __________.

Answer 12

contagion; emotions; understanding

Question 13

in identifying emotions, state what each state can do?

a) 4-7 mths.

b) 7 mths.

c) 8-12 mths.

Answer 13

4-7 mths: can distinguish some emotional expressions, but do not understand meaning

7 mths: connect emotions to facial expressions and tone of voice

8-12 mths: relate emotions to causes in the world - permits social referencing

Question 14

what can 2-5 year-old children do in identifying emotions?

Answer 14

1. huge increase in ability to identifying emotions
2. appearance of emotion language
3. label simple emotions like happy, sad, surprise, angry
4. use situational info

Question 15

what can 6-10 year-old children do in identifying emotions?

Answer 15

1. label more complex emotions (shame, guilt, pride)
2. recognise that someone else can feel 2 conflicting emotions too

Question 16

children identify the causes of different emotions at different ages. what are the emotions at:

2-3 yrs
4yrs
4-6yrs
7yrs

Answer 16

2-3 yrs: happiness

4yrs: sadness

4-6yrs: fear and anger

7yrs: shame, guilt, pride, jealousy

*children living in dangerous envt can identify fear and anger earlier on

Question 17

what 2 changes do chidlren’s emotions go through in order to recognise fake emotions?

Answer 17

1. skill: become better at inhibiting/masking emotions
2. learn: gradual increase in awareness of display rules

Question 18

with regards to fake emotions, 3 year-old children can attempt to ____________ negative emotions, while 5 year-old children can understand the difference between __________ and ____________ emotions.

Answer 18

disguise; external; internal

**external emotions - expressed outwardly
internal emotions - felt inside, may not be expressed

Question 19

what are display rules?

Answer 19

display rules govern what kinds of emotional expressions are considered appropriate.

• vary across cultures
• children begin to learn display rules from infancy
• continue to learn cultural specific display rules throughout early and middle chidhood

Question 20

It isn’t always appropriate to express what you are feeling. we have to _________ our emotions by initiating, inhibiting or modulating various components or emotions.

Answer 20

regulate

Question 21

we have to regulate our emotions by _________, ___________ or ____________ various components of emotions like ___________ feelings, _________, ________________ processes, ______________.

Answer 21

inhibiting, initiating, modulating

internal; behaviour; physiological; cognitions

Question 22

what are the 3 developmental patterns for how we regulate our emotions?

Answer 22

1. caregiver to self
2. behavioural to cognitive
3. selecting appropriate strategies

Question 23

one of the 3 developmental patterns for regulating emotions is “caregiver to self”. how does that develop?

Answer 23

birth-5 mths: parents regulate arousal

**parents help infants maintain an optimal level of arousal by responding to their needs promptly. eg., when an infant is crying due to hunger, discomfort, or overstimulation, the parent may feed, soothe, or comfort the baby to help regulate their arousal levels.

6 mths: self-soothe, avert attention

1-2 yrs: behavioural distraction

3-4 yrs: language

Question 24

one of the 3 developmental patterns for regulating emotions is “behavioural to cognitive”. how does that develop?

Answer 24

young childen attempt to distract themselves by engaging in different behaviours

older children use more cognitive strategies:
think abt something else
reappraise situation - was it really that bad?
plan ways to solve problem

Question 25

what are 2 factors affecting individual differences in emotions?

Answer 25

1. temperament (genes) 2. socialisation

Question 26

how do parents influence individual differences in emotion?

Answer 26

via socialisation 1. how children view self and others if parents dismiss child's feelings, react with hostility, can lead to more aggression, more negative emotions and poor coping strategies 2. level of emotional arousal if parents very intense, children also very intense 3. models of emotions and regulation - dsicussion of emotions allows children to learn to recognise emotions - when and how to express - learn to inhibit negative impulses like hitting - strategies for regulating emotions

Question 27

discussion of ___________ during childhood can lead to more ____________, and better ________ strategies in adulthood.

Answer 27

emotions; introspection; coping

Question 28

what do poor emotion regulation and negative emotionality predict?

Answer 28

1. antisocial behaviour 2. unemployment 3. anxiety/depression 4. difficulties socially and academically

Question 29

in the past, how do researchers study moral development?

Answer 29

present moral dilemmas and see how participants repond.

Question 30

what is the major assumption for normative development?

Answer 30

development is due to cognitive abilities, though there are some social influences

Question 31

by around 10 years old, moral development is completed. whose theory is this?

Answer 31

Jean Piaget

Question 32

who challenged piaget's theory that moral development is completed by age 10?

Answer 32

Lawrence Kohlberg

Question 33

what are the 3 levels of kohlberg's stages?

Answer 33

level 1: preconventional morality level 2: conventional morality level 3: postconventional morality

Question 34

what are stages 1 and 2 under preconventional morality? describe.

Answer 34

stage 1: punishment and obedience - ignore intentions - focus on consequences stage 2: instrumental purpose orientation - what is right is what satisfies needs - exhange theory "give and take"

Question 35

what are stages 5 and 6 under postconventional morality? describe.

Answer 35

stage 5: social-contract orientation - laws are flexible instruments for human purposes - follow when consistent with human rights and ethical principles stage 6: universal ethical principle orientation - self-chosen ethical principles (based on abstract values such as justice, equality, and human dignity, rather than specific cultural or religious norms) - abstract values **Stage 6 represents the highest developed form of moral reasoning characterized by a deep commitment to ethical principles that transcend individual interests or societal norms. Individuals at this stage demonstrate a strong sense of moral autonomy and integrity, guided by their own conscience and a commitment to upholding universal values of justice, fairness, and human rights.

Question 36

what are stages 3 and 4 under conventional morality? describe.

Answer 36

stage 3: "good boy/girl" orientation - win approval of others by being a good person stage 4: social order maintaining orientation - prioritise personal duty *personal duty - adherence to societal expectations and fulfilling one's role within the social structure rather than pursuing individual interests or desires like in stages 1, 2 and 3

Question 37

what are the approximate ages of children reasoning at level 1: preconventional morality?

Answer 37

2-10 years

Question 38

what are the approximate ages of children reasoning at level 2: conventional morality?

Answer 38

9 years

Question 39

what are the approximate ages of children reasoning at level 3: postconventional morality?

Answer 39

12 years +

Question 40

what are 3 limitations of kohlberg's theories?

Answer 40

1. vague and inconsistent (changed the number of stages several times, difficult to classify individuals into just 1 stage) 2. cross-culturally invalid (not all cultures progress through his stages) 3. gender biases (only middle-class white boys)

Question 41

describe Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development

Answer 41

stage 1: preconventional - individual survival is all that matters stage 2: conventional - salf-sacrifice is good in its own right and driven by care for others stage 3: postconventional - care about others and care about self are integrated

Question 42

what are the 5 innate moral modules under Jonathan Haidt's Moral Foundations Theory?

Answer 42

1) Care/harm 2) Fairness/reciprocity 3) Loyalty/betrayal 4) Authority/respect 5) Sanctity/Purity