1
Q
Attack on Vilnius
A
After the Lithuanian legislature declared independence on March 11, 1990, the USSR
responded with military action on January 11-13, 1991, killing 14 civilians and injuring over a hundred more.
2
Q
What were the people in Attack on Vilnius trying to do? What did Gorbachev authorize?
A
The people were trying to keep Soviet troops from controlling the local TV tower and studio to
hinder the independence mov. Gorbachev authorized no more military violence after the event.
3
Q
Baltic Way
A
Peaceful demonstration on August 23, 1989, across Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia where around two million people joined hands in a 600km human chain expressing their unity in the struggle for
independence from the USSR.
4
Q
Cambodian-Vietnamese War
A
Conflict that technically lasted from 1978-1989 after Vietnam invaded its neighbor to topple the Khmer Rouge/Democratic Kampuchea under Pol Pot.
5
Q
What did Vietnam establish after the Cambodian-Vietnamese War? When did Vietnam withdraw?
A
Vietnam then established a
friendly government called the People’s Republic of Kampuchea. International pressure from both China
and the US led to Vietnam’s withdrawal in 1989.
6
Q
communism
A
form of socialist political thought and theory. Communism is a theoretical state of pure equality in a classless and moneyless
society that is achieved by total government control of all factors of production that is often sought via a dictatorship of the proletariat that ostensibly moves society towards this goal using socialism.
7
Q
democratic socialism
A
form of socialist political thought and theory. Democratic socialism favors a transition to complete socialism or shared ownership of the means of production through democratic systems. democratically run, socially owned economy.
8
Q
social democracy
A
form of socialist political thought and theory. social democracy consists of efforts to further equalize democratic systems with socialist policies and institutions such as providing government services to all. Don’t replace capitalism
9
Q
Eastern bloc
A
Term for the socialist countries of Eastern Europe aligned with the USSR during the Cold
War.
10
Q
Who was a part of the Eastern bloc?
A
The group was generally considered to include Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Romania.
11
Q
Who was originally included in the Eastern bloc before they split with Stalin in 1948?
A
Yugoslavia was originally included before its split with Stalin in 1948.
12
Q
Who was also with the Soviets in the Eastern Bloc? What was different about them?
A
Albania was also aligned with the Soviets, but more independent than the others and withdrew from a direct alliance in 1961.
13
Q
What about the other countries in the Eastern Bloc?
A
Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Romania stayed true to Moscow for the most part, but Romania often bucked directives
and all other countries, save for Bulgaria, saw significant uprisings fueled by desires to move out of the Soviet orbit.
14
Q
East German/Prague Refugee Crisis
A
Situation in the late summer to early fall of 1989 that saw thousands of East German citizens travel to Prague and pass inside the gates of the West German embassy to try and
obtain visas to the West.
15
Q
What did negotiations lead to in the East German/Prague Refugee Crisis?
A
Eventually negotiations led to the refugees being allowed to travel to West Germany, but were made to give up their East German citizenship.
16
Q
German reunification/Treaty on the Final Settlement with respect to Germany
A
Agreement that reunified Germany in October 1990
17
Q
What is German reunification/Treaty on the Final Settlement with respect to Germany also known as?
A
Two Plus Four Agreement
18
Q
What parties were involved in the German reunification/Treaty on the Final Settlement with respect to Germany? What did it end and finalize?
A
The parties involved were East and West Germany along with the WWII Allies (France, the UK, US, and USSR). It ended the post-war occupation of Germany and finalized the border changes between Germany, Poland, and the USSR bringing a final conclusion to the interim situations created by WWII.
19
Q
glasnost
A
Soviet policy championed by Mikhail Gorbachev that focused on transparency and openness of government action. It included the wider dissemination of information and allowed for more political
discourse.
20
Q
Helsinki Watch Committees
A
Organization founded in 1978, to push the USSR and Eastern Bloc countries to adhere to the Helsinki Accords.
21
Q
What is the Helsinki Watch Committees also known as?
A
Human Rights Watch (as of 1988)
22
Q
What did the Helsinki Watch Committees do?
A
It sent monitors into countries and shared info. about abuses to put pressure on governments to follow through on human rights commitments
23
Q
Ho Chi Minh Trail
A
System of transportation routes through the dense jungle of Cambodia and Laos that
supplied North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces during the Vietnam War.
24
Q
When did the Ho Chi Minh Trail begin and when did it get highly developed supply stations and support facilities?
A
It began use in 1959 and by
1974, it included highly-developed supply stations and support facilities
25
hydrogen bomb
Nuclear weapon that uses nuclear fusion as opposed to
fission to create a massive explosion.
26
What is the process of the hydrogen bomb?
The process of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) fusing into helium and releasing energy is caused by a trigger device based on a traditional atomic bomb and is significantly more powerful.
27
What is a hydrogen bomb measured in?
Its yield is measured in megatons as opposed to the kilotons used for earlier atomic weapons.
28
What is the hydrogen bomb also known as?
thermonuclear bomb
29
INF Treaty
Agreement between the US and the USSR that banned medium and intermediate range nuclear weapons on land.
30
What does the INF Treaty stand for?
Intermediate-Range Nuclear treaty
31
When was the INF Treaty signed? What was it the first to do?
It was signed in 1987, and was the first to ban an entire category of nuclear weapons and not just limit them.
32
What was the result of the INF Treaty?
Observers were allowed into each country to verify the actions.
33
What did the US do and when pertaining the INF treaty?
The US withdrew from the treaty in 2019
34
ICBMs
Land-based devices that follow ballistic flight paths to allow
a range of over 3,500 miles.
35
What does ICBMs mean?
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
36
What are ICBMs used for and what countries have developed ICBMs?
They are used to deliver nuclear warheads across vast distances and the technological sophistication and resources required are so limited that only the US, USSR(now Russia),
and the PRC developed any.
37
Iran-Contra Scandal
Activities, cover-up, and investigation related to the National Security Council
illegally selling weapons to Iran to fund Contras opposing the leftist Sandinistas of Nicaragua.
38
What was the Iran-Contra Scandal operation mean to do?
The operation was meant to facilitate the release of hostages in Lebanon during the Reagan administration.
39
What did the actions taken in the Iran-Contra Scandal violate?
The actions violated the Boland Amendment and ran counter to other congressional regulations against supplying terrorist organizations.
40
What did the ensuing congressional hearings lead to in the Iran-Contra Scandal?
The ensuing congressional hearings led to protests and prison terms.
41
Iron Curtain
Symbolic border between the Eastern and Western camps in Europe during the Cold War.
42
Who was the Iron Curtain popularized by?
It was popularized by Winston Churchill with his 1946 speech in Fulton, Missouri.
43
What was the Iron Curtain barriers to?
The borders of the Eastern Bloc were physical and psychological barriers to mov., communication, and culture between the socialist and capitalist systems.
44
KGB
the main security and intelligence agency of the Soviet Union from 1954 until its collapse in 1991, serving as both a foreign intelligence service and a domestic secret police force responsible for suppressing dissent, guarding borders, and protecting state secrets
45
The KGB was created to replace what?
The NKVD
46
“launch on warning”
A military tactic that allowed for a nuclear strike to be ordered when an enemy strike seemed imminent.
47
“launch on warning” acronym?
LOW
48
Who was given the ability to give the “launch on warning”?
The decision capability was to be given to high-level military
commanders and not reserved solely to the president.
49
When was the “launch on warning” strategy in place? Why was it retired?
The strategy was in place in the US from 1979 to 1997, but retired due to the possibility of a false alarm triggering a nuclear strike
50
League for the Independence of Vietnam/Viet Minh
Insurgency(active revolt or uprising) movement formed in China in 1941, during WWII by Ho Chi Minh.
51
What did the League for the Independence of Vietnam/Viet Minh do?
It fought against Japanese occupation and declared independence for
Vietnam in 1945.
52
What did the French attempt to do to the League for the Independence of Vietnam/Viet Minh? When?
The French attempted to retake the colony from the Viet Minh starting in 1946.
53
What did the League for the Independence of Vietnam/Viet Minh change into?
The Viet Minh transformed into the Vietnamese National Popular Front (Lien Viet) by the end of the war
54
What did the League for the Independence of Vietnam/Viet Minh have to do with the Communist Party?
The Communist Party became the leading political force in the country with most of its leadership coming from the Viet Minh.
55
M.A.D.
Political and military tactic of deterrence based on the logic that no nuclear attack could take place between the superpowers due to the fact that a launch by one nation would force the other to respond in kind ensuring that both were destroyed by a nuclear attack and fallout.
56
M.A.D. meaning
Mutually Assured Destruction
57
When did the M.A.D. theory become popular? Who coined the term?
The theory became popular in the mid-sixties as the idea of a limited nuclear war became less feasible. The term was coined by Donald Brennan who disagreed with the strategy.
58
Malta Summit (1989)
Meeting aboard naval vessels off the coast of Malta between Pres. George H.W. Bush and Secretary Gorbachev on December 2-3, 1989.
59
What was the Malta Summit (1989) declared?
It was declared to be the end of the Cold War by the participants despite a lack of firm agreements.
60
At the Malta Summit (1989) how had the leaders make symbolic acknowledgements that the Cold War era had ended? How was it indicated?
The two leaders did make symbolic acknowledgements that the era of the Cold War had ended as indicated by the recent tearing down of the Berlin Wall.
61
Mathias Rust flight (1987)
Unauthorized flight by an amateur West German pilot from Helsinki to Moscow on May 28, 1987.
62
Where did the pilot from the Mathias Rust flight (1987) land? What was he trying to do?
The pilot landed next to Red Square in an effort to create better connections between
East and West.
63
What happened to the pilot from the Mathias Rust flight (1987)?
He was arrested and imprisoned before being pardoned.
64
Who was the Mathias Rust flight (1987) embarrassing for? What did it highlight?
The flight was embarrassing for
the vaunted Soviet defense network, but highlighted changes from previous responses to incursions.
65
military industrial complex
The multifaceted connections between those responsible for making military, political, and business decisions that help perpetuate a focus on developing military technology and capabilities for the enrichment of the individuals and companies rather than based on the needs of the
country and the people.
66
Who coined the term military industrial complex? When?
The term was coined by President Eisenhower in his Farewell Address in 1961,
where he warned against the growing power of the complex that existed in the US.
67
MIRVs
Specific design of a nuclear missile that can target multiple warheads within the device to separate locations.
68
What does MIRV mean?
multiple independent reentry vehicle
69
What did the develop of MIRVs do?
The development of this technology briefly
destabilized the nuclear deterrent status quo between the US and USSR
70
Moscow Summit (1988)
Meeting between President Reagan and Secretary Gorbachev from May 29-June 3, 1988, that finalized the INF Treaty and produced seven agreements that further evolved relations between the two countries by increasing cultural exchanges and agreements on economic policies.
71
What was the Moscow Summit (1988)?
It was the last full summit before the election of George H.W. Bush.
72
Mujahedeen
Guerilla fighters and groups that opposed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.
73
What does Mujahedeen mean? What does it come from?
It comes from the islamic term for those that fight for the faith or simply “holy warriors.”
74
What did the Mujahedeen do?
Various groups worked
together despite rivalries to attack Soviet troops and eventually defeat the communist gov. in Kabul. They were well supplied by the US with military supplies including stinger missiles via Pakistan.
75
What would many of the Mujahedeen be involved in after the war?
Many of these fighters would be involved in the al-Qaeda and Taliban movements after the war.
76
National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam/Viet Cong
A combination of regular and irregular combatants in South Vietnam operating in general coordination with the North Vietnamese communist gov.
77
What does the term Viet Cong come from? What were members often referred to?
Viet Cong comes from a term for Vietnamese communist
and members were often referred to as VC by US troops.
78
What is the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam/Viet Cong also known as?
Liberation Army of South Vietnam
79
Nicaraguan Civil War
Conflict between right-wing and US-backed Contras that supported the ousted Somoza regime and the leftist and Soviet-backed Sandinistas (FSLN) from 1978-1990 in Nicaragua
80
What is the Nicaraguan Civil War also known as?
Nicaraguan Revolution
81
What happened in the Nicaraguan Civil War in 1978?
The Sandinistas came to power in 1978, after the fall of the Somoza regime and the Contras began attacking the new gov. They received covert support from the Reagan admin. beginning in late 1981.
82
When did the Nicaraguan Civil War fighting end? What was it ended by?
An end to the fighting was eventually ended by the Tela Accord signed in 1989.
83
Non-Proliferation Treaty
Agreement signed on July 1, 1968 between the USSR, UK, US, and 59 other countries that banned the development of nuclear weapons by any other countries.
84
Which two countries signed the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1992 and when was it extended to 174 countries by the UN?
France and China (who
both had independently developed their own weapons) eventually signed in 1992, and it was extended to 174 countries by the UN in 1995.
85
Who withdrew from the Non-Proliferation Treaty in 2003? What three countries have never signed it?
North Korea withdrew in 2003. India, Pakistan, and Israel are the only countries to have never signed.
86
Operation Rolling Thunder
Bombing campaign by the US military from March 1965 until October 1968 that targeted sites in North Vietnam.
87
Who approved Operation Rolling Thunder and why?
President Johnson approved the operation to weaken the North
Vietnamese ability to supply their southern forces and to try and destabilize the econ. and force negotiations.
88
What happened every year with Operation Rolling Thunder? What happened to Operation Rolling Thunder in 1967?
The bombings were gradually increased every year until 1967 when some leaders, such as
Secretary of Defense McNamara, began to argue that the operation was not effective. This was despite the tonnage of explosives dropped on North Vietnam being more than all tonnage used by the US during
WWII.
89
What did the significant loss of bombers and fighters involved in Operation Rolling Thunder lead to?
The significant loss of bombers and fighters involved in the operation led to an overhaul of the Air Force's strategic approach to air combat.
90
Operation Unthinkable
Plans for an attack on the USSR prepared for Prime Minister Churchill by the British military in May of 1945.
91
What did Operation Unthinkable call for?
It called for a surprise offensive against the still-allied Soviet Union by UK and US forces in order to remove the Soviets from East Germany and Poland.
92
What was the Operation Unthinkable plan?
The assault was to begin in July before the US and UK demobilized their troops following victory in Europe.
93
What stopped the development of Operation Unthinkable?
Churchill’s government was defeated in July and the fears of a land war in Russia proved too strong for further development of the plan
94
Operation Urgent Fury
Code name for the US invasion on October 25, 1983, of Grenada to put Paul Scoon back in power.
95
What happened to the governor-general of Operation Urgent Fury
The governor-general, Paul Scoon had called for assistance from the US before being placed under arrest by supporters of the Marxists NJM.
96
What had the Grenada island previously been aided by before Operation Urgent Fury? What was the result?
The Grenada island had previously been aided by Cuba and had some Cuban troops involved in the conflict.
97
Paris Charter (1990)
Agreement of European countries, the US, and Canada on November 21, 1990.
98
What is the Paris Charter (1990) also known as?
Charter of Paris for a New Europe
99
What did the Paris Charter (1990) formalize? What did it create?
The treaty formalized the Helsinki Accords and created the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
100
What was the goal of the Paris Charter (1990)?
The goal was to integrate the former Eastern Bloc nations politically with the West and create a new lasting framework for stability.
101
realpolitik
Political practice centered around achieving desired outcomes with little regard to specific ideals or ethical restraints.
102
What does realpolitik tend to focus on?
It tends to focus on situations as they are, rather than how some might hope them to be, and is not constrained by moral concerns.
103
Reykjavik summit
Meeting in Iceland between President Reagan and Premier Gorbachev from October 11-12, 1986.
104
What is the Reykjavik summit known for?
It was noted for coming close to a complete abandonment of nuclear weapons by the
superpowers
105
What did the Reykjavik summit accomplish? What did the attempts at negotiations result in?
The attempts at negotiations created an understanding between the leaders that resulted in a limiting of weapons and a relationship that would help to greatly reduce tensions and facilitate an end to the Cold War.
106
School of the Americas
Training installation run by the US Department of Defense that began in 1946 as the Latin American Training Center before becoming the US Army Caribbean School.
107
What is the School of the Americas also known as?
Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation as of 2000
108
What was the School of the Americas mission?
Its mission was to train Latin American military personnel to fight communist and revolutionary efforts in their countries.
109
Where was the School of the Americas located?
It was located in Panama before
being forced to relocate to Fort Benning, GA.
110
What did opponents of the School of the Americas say?
Opponents of the installation point to many of its graduates,
like Manuel Noriega and Hugo Bánzer Suárez, being responsible for regimes maintaining power through
torture and executions.
111
Sino-Soviet Border skirmishes (1969)
Conflict beginning in March of 1969 when PLA troops clashed
with the Soviet Army in Manchuria on islands in the Ussuri River.
112
What happened in the Sino-Soviet Border skirmishes (1969)? How did the USSR and China react?
Two larger battles ensued in the border river and troops began to mass. The USSR began considering nuclear options and China placed their nuclear forces on alert.
113
Who deescalated the Sino-Soviet Border skirmishes (1969)? What was the result?
Aleksei Kosygin met with Zhou Enlai in September in Beijing to deescalate the situation. The poor relations between the countries that had been deteriorating for over a decade did not greatly improve, but the skirmishes stopped.
114
Six-Day War
Conflict between Israel and the allied forces of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria from June 5-10,
1967.
115
What caused the Six-Day War to start?
Israel had struck against Syria and Jordan earlier in the year and Nasser responded by creating a mutual defense pact between Jordan and Egypt. He closed the Gulf of Aqaba in May to limit Israeli trade and Israeli air power responded with a preemptive assault on Egypt.
116
What happened during the Six-Day War?
Israeli forces captured the Sinai
Peninsula and the Gaza Strip (Egypt), West Bank and East Jerusalem(Jordan), and Golan Heights (Syria).
117
Socialism with a Human Face
Moniker for the slate of reforms that would incorporate the Action Program under Alexander Dubček announced in April 1968, that created the Prague Spring. It included market reforms and removed censorship of literature and the press.
118
Soviet Coup attempt (1991)
Failed attempt during August 19-21, 1991, to remove Gorbachev from power in the USSR.
119
What was the outcome of the Soviet Coup attempt (1991)?
The Soviet President was vacationing in Crimea when he was taken hostage in his own dacha.
120
What was the Gang of Eight in the Soviet Coup attempt (1991)?
Hardliners in the gov., led by Gennady Yanayev, formed the State Committee on the State of Emergency (Gang of Eight) to stop Gorbachev’s reform efforts.
121
What did Boris Yeltsin do in Soviet Coup attempt (1991)?
Boris Yeltsin led popular protests against the coup efforts outside of the White House in Moscow and troops refused to fire on demonstrators.
122
What was the result of the Soviet Coup attempt (1991)? What did the coup do for the Communist Party?
The coup collapsed quickly and its plotters were arrested. Their actions further eroded already weakened support for the Communist Party and despite Gorbachev’s return the Party’s activities were suspended in the USSR by the end of August.
123
Stasi
Secret police apparatus in East Germany from 1950-1990
124
What is stasi also known as?
Ministry for State Security
125
What was stasi modeled after?
It was modeled on the NKVD and KGB in the USSR
126
What did Erich Mielke do for the Stasi?
Erich Mielke expanded the Stasi into a seemingly omnipresent spying organization with 100,000 employees and some 2 million informants.
127
Taiwan Straits Crisis (First and Second)
Confrontations between the PRC and the ROC on the islands in
the Taiwan Strait that both gov. claimed sovereignty over.
128
When did the 1st Taiwan Straits Crisis occur?
The first crisis occurred in 1954, when the PRC began shelling Quemoy/Jinmen, Matsu, and Dachen islands.
129
What islands were involved in the Taiwan Straits Crisis (First and Second)?
Quemoy/Jinmen, Matsu, and Dachen islands.
130
What role did the islands in the Taiwan Straits Crisis (First and Second) have?
The Quemoy/Jinmen, Matsu, and Dachen islands were claimed by the ROC, who saw them as vital to their defense
131
Taiwan Straits Crisis (First and Second)| What did the threat by the PRC result in?
The threat by the PRC resulted in the Eisenhower admin. signing the Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty in December.
132
Taiwan Straits Crisis (First and Second)| What ability did Congress give the pres.?
Congress gave the pres. the ability to defend the islands in January and by April the PRC ended its assault.
133
When did the 2nd Taiwan Straits Crisis occur?
The second crisis took place in 1958, when the PRC shelled Jinmen and Matsu while the US was involved in the Lebanon Crisis.
134
What did the US do during the Taiwan Straits Crisis (First and Second)?
The US resupplied the threatened ROC garrisons and an unspoken agreement of shelling on a predicted schedule fell into place that lasted until normalized US and PRC relations in 1979.
135
The (Krushchev) Thaw
The liberalization of government controls in the Soviet Union over culture and discussion.
136
What did The (Krushchev) Thaw allow?
It allowed cinema, art, and literature to be created more freely and political dissent to be
expressed more openly
137
What was The (Krushchev) Thaw generated by?
It was generated by the de-Stalinzation process led by Khrushchev beginning in the mid-fifties.
138
What did The (Krushchev) Thaw allow for in relation to the arts?
It allowed for the publication of iconic works such as Doctor Zhivago, One Day in the Life
of Ivan Denisovitch, as well as films and artwork that did not stick to the previously required confines of socialist realism.
139
What was the result of The (Krushchev) Thaw?
The thaw was not even-handed and many of the discussions and creations that resulted were subsequently repressed as anti-Soviet or harmful to society.
140
Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)
The violent end to a months-long student-led protest for democratic reforms in Beijing.
141
What were the Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) protests linked to?
The protests were linked to several efforts throughout the country that kicked off after
the death of former general secretary and liberal, Hu Yaobang.
142
Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989)| What did the economic reforms of the 1980s in the PRC and political reforms in socialist nations in Europe inspire?
The economic reforms of the 1980s in the PRC and the political reforms in socialist nations in Europe inspired students to demand more political freedoms.
143
What caused the Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) protests to become more emboldened? What was the result?
A visit by the reform-minded Gorbachev to Beijing further emboldened the protests, but soon after the Soviet premier left the military was called out to completely dismantle the protest site, killing hundreds at a minimum. The details of the event have since been suppressed in China.
144
USSR
Fifteen areas that comprised the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which was first established in 1917 and lasted until 1991.
145
What was the USSR?
It was the largest country at the time and covered ⅙ of the land area on Earth. Its government was headed by local Soviets that fed into the Supreme Soviet in Moscow, though The Communist Party apparatus had de facto control.
146
What countries did the USSR consist of?
(Hint: There are 15)
The Republics consisted of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belorussia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgiziya, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Russia, Tajikistan,
Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
147
Venona project
Secret operation by the US Army Signal Intelligence Service and then the NSA that started in 1943.
148
What did the Venona project do?
Until 1980, it used access to KGB cypher books to translate messages about Soviet
espionage activities including agents in the Manhattan Project and the Cambridge Five.
149
Warsaw Pact
Mutual Defense treaty signed on May 14, 1955 that lasted until July 1, 1991.
150
What countries did the Warsaw Pact include?
It included Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland. Albania would withdraw in 1968 due to the Czech invasion.
151
What was the Warsaw Pact inspired by?
It was inspired by the addition of West Germany into NATO.
152
When did the Warsaw Pact begin and end?
May 14, 1955 that lasted until July 1, 1991.
153
Vietnam War
Conflict between North and South Vietnam from 1954-1975, that followed the removal of French colonial forces in 1954. It was also a proxy war between the US and the USSR.
154
What is the Vietnam War also known as?
The American War
155
Who was the North and South aided by in the Vietnam War?
The North would be aided by the USSR and PRC and by the Viet Cong in South Vietnam.
156
When did the US withdrawal from South Vietnam in the Vietnam War
The South would be aided by the US until its withdrawal in 1973.
157
What was the result of the Vietnam War after the US withdrew?
The South would be overrun by the North in 1975, and the war would end with the unification of the country under communist rule
Social Studies UIL
flashcards
Decks in class (17)
# Cards
-
Cultural Figures34
-
Leaders in Asia88
-
Spies, Agents, and Military36
-
Advisors37
-
Origins(1945-49)102
-
End & Dissolution(1985-91)157
-
Early Confrontation(1949-53)31
-
Thaw & Coexistence(1953-62)124
-
Detente(1962-79)105
-
Second Cold War(1979-85)45
-
Leaders in the Americas6
-
Leaders in Europe23
-
Leaders in Africa8
-
Timeline-1945-1960120
-
Cuban Missile Crisis-Book0
-
Reading Material30
-
Timeline-1961-197129
