Endocrine 1 Flashcards by MLG .

What is A?

Thymus

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What is B?

Pituitary gland

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What is C?

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What is D?

Thyroid gland

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What is E?

Parathyroid gland

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What is F?

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What is G?

Suprarenal gland

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What is H?

Pancreas

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What is I?

Placenta (during pregnancy)

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What is J?

Ovaries

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What is K?

Testes

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What is the hollow called that the pituitary gland sits in?

Sella turica

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In what bone is the sella turica found?

Ethmoid bone

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What is A?

Body of corpus collosum

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What is B?

Thalamus

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What is C?

Grey matter

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What is D?

Splenium of corpus collosum

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What is E?

Transverse sinus

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What is F?

Cerebellum

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What is G?

Vertebral artery

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What is H?

Pons

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What is I?

Pituitary gland

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What is J?

Pituitary stalk

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What is K?

Optic chiasm

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What is L?

Genu of corpus collosum

What is M?

Caudate nucleus

What is N?

Lateral ventricle

What is A?

Corpus collosum

What is B?

Frontal horn

What is C?

Caudate nucleus

What is D?

Optic nerve

What is E?

Pituitary stalk

What is F?

Internal carotid artery

What is G?

Cavernous sinus

What is H?

Pituitary gland

What is I?

III ventricle

What is A?

Ethmoid air cells

What is B?

Anteiror cerebral artery

What is C?

Optic chiasm

What is D?

Infundibulum of pituitary gland

What is E?

Hippocampus

What is F?

Aquaduct of Sylvius

What is G?

Anterior lobe of cerebellum

What is H?

Straight sinus

What is I?

Superior sagittal sinus

What is J?

Quadrigeminal cistern

What is K?

White matter

What is L?

Posterior cerebral artery

What is M?

Temporal horn of lateral ventricle

What is N?

Middle cerebral artery

What is O?

Olfactory nerve

How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary gland?

Is directly above pituitary

How does enlargement of the pituitary gland affect a surrounding structure?

Impinges the crossing of fibres of the optic chiasm Resulting in bitemporal hemionopia

What fibres cross over at the optic chiasm?

Nasal fibres

What lobes are present in the pituitary gland?

Anterior lobe Posterior lobe

What is A?

III ventricle

What is B?

Optic chiasm

What is C?

Pars intermedia

What is D?

Anterior pituitary

What is E?

Posterior pituitary

What is F?

Mamillary bodies

Which of the pituitary lobes is larger?

Anterior pituitary

Which of the pituitary lobes is glandular and manufactures numerous hormones?

Anterior pituitary

What is the function of the posterior pituitary lobe?

Releases neuroendocrine hormones

How do you recognise the anterior and posterior lobes of pituitary in histology?

Anterior - dark stained Posterior - pale stained

What is A?

Posterior pituitary

What is B?

Anterior pituitary

What are the 3 cell types in anterior pituitary and how do they stain?

Acidophilic (stain pink) Basophilic (stain light purple) Chromophobic (do not stain so appear pale)

What is A?

Acidophils

What is B?

Basophils

What is C?

Chromophobes

What are the different classes of acidophils?

Somatotrophs Mammotrophs

What does each class of acidophil secrete?

Somatotrophs - GH Mammotrophs - prolactin

What is the target organ of GH?

Thymus gland

What is the target organ of prolactin?

Mammary gland

What are the different classes of basophils?

Corticotrophs Thyrotrophs Gonadotrophs

What are the secretory products of each basophil?

Corticotrophs - ACTH and MSH Thyrotrophs - TSH Gonadotrophs - FSH and LH

What is the target organ of ACTH?

Adrenal cortex

What is the target organ of MSH?

Adrenal cortex

What is the target organ of TSH?

Thyroid gland

What is the target organ of FSH?

Testes

What is the target organ of LH?

Testes

What are the secretory products of the anterior pituitary?

GH Prolactin ACTH MSH TSH FSH LH

What are the main secretory cells in the posterior pituitary?

Magnocellular neurons

What hormones do magnocellular neurons secrete?

Oxytoxin Vasopressin

What is the arterial supply of the pituitary gland?

Superior hypophysial artery - enters hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries (hypophysial portal system) that supply the anterior pituitary gland Inferior hypophysial artery - supplies posterior pituitary

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pitutiary?

Through the hypothysial portal system

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pitutiary?

Through the infindibulum (blood vessels run through) Also known as pituitary stalk

What is the pituitary stalk also known as?

Infundibulum

What is the venous drainage of the pituitary gland?

Through hypophysial veins into the cavenous sinus

Where do hypophysial veins drain into?

Cavernous sinus

Where is the thyroid gland in relation to the trachea and larynx?

Anterior to trachea Inferior to larynx

The thyroid gland is located between what vertebral levels?

C5 to T1

The isthmus lies opposite what tracheal rings?

2nd to 4th tracheal rings

What are the 3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland?

Sternohyoid Omohyoid (anterior belly) Sternothyroid

What is A?

Hyoid bone

What is B?

Thyroid cartilage

What is C?

Omohyoid muscle

What is D?

Cricoid cartilage

What is E?

Sternohyoid muscle

What is F?

Sternothyroid muscle

What is G?

Common carotid artery

What is H?

Thyrohyoid muscle

What is I?

Internal jugular vein

What are the 2 nerves that supplies the muscles of the vocal cords? Describe their relation to the thyroid gland?

Recurrent laryngeal nerves - runs between trachea and oesophagus External laryngeal nerve - lies close to superior thyroid artery

External laryngeal nerve is a branch of what?

Branch of superior laryngeal nerve

What does the superior thyroid artery arise from?

ECA

From what artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?

Subclavian artery

What is the arterial blood supply to thyroid gland?

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain into?

IJV

Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain into?

IJV

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?

Brachiocephalic vein

What is the venous drainge of the thyroid gland?

Superior thyroid vein Middle thyroid vein Inferior thyroid vein

Where do most lymph vessels from the thyroid gland drain into?

Deep cervical group of lymph nodes

How are the hormones stored in the thyroid gland?

In cavities surrounded by secretory cells, this makes follicles Hormone is bound to glycoprotein and is called a colloid During secretion is reabsorbed from cavity and then released into interstitial space

What are hormones bound to in the thyroid gland?

Glycoprotein and called colloid

What kind of cells lines follicles in thyroid gland?

Follicular cells

What colour does colloid stain in histology?

Pink

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

Thyroxine and triidothyroxine

Other than follicular cells, what is the other main cell in thyroid gland?

Parafollicular cells (also called clear or C cells)

Relative to the thyroid gland, where is the parathyroid gland?

Medial half of the posterior surface

How many parathyroid glands do most people have?

4, but this can vary

What are the parathyroid glands seperated from the thyroid gland by?

Thin fibrous capsule

What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?

Predominantly from the inferior thyroid arteries

What is the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands?

Via the veins draining the thyroid gland to the IJV

What does this show?

Parathyroid gland

What is A?

Fibrous capsule

What is B?

Adipose tissue

What is C?

Chief cells

What is D?

Oxyphil cells

What hormone is released by parathyroid gland?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

What does parathyroid hormone (PTH) act on?

Bone, kidney and intestine - enhances release of calcium from bone/reabsorption from kidneys and intestine

What are the suprarenal glands seperated from the kidneys by?

A capsule

Are the suprarenal glands retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

Retroperitoneal

What are the 2 parts of the suprarenal glands?

Outer cortex Inner medulla

Embryologically, what gives rise to the cortex and the medulla of the suprarenal glands?

Cortex - mesodermal epithelium Medulla - neuroectoderm

What is the arterial supply of the suprarenal glands?

Through suprarenal arteries that arise from the inferior phrneic arteries, the aorta and the renal arteries

How many suprarenal veins are there?

Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the right and left gland?

Right - IVC Left - left renal vein

What is A?

Right inferior suprarenal artery

What is B?

Right middle suprarenal artery

What is C?

Right superior suprarenal artery

What is D?

Coeliac trunk

What is E?

Left superior suprarenal artery

What is F?

Left middle suprarenal artery

What is G?

Left inferior suprarenal artery

What is H?

Superior mesenteric artery

What is I?

Left renal artery

What is J?

Inferior mesenteric artery

What is K?

Aorta

What is M?

Right renal artery

Histologically, what can the cortex of the suprarenal glands be divided into?

Outer zona glomerulosa (thin) Middle zona fasciculata (thick) Inner zona reticularis (immediately adjacent to medulla)

What cells are found in the suprarenal glands medulla and what do they secrete?

Ovoid chromaffin cells that secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline

What are the 3 main hormones secreted from each zone of the suprarenal medulla?

Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone Zona fasciculata - glucocorticoids Zona reticularis - androgens

What is A?

Capsule

What is B?

Zona glomerulosa

What is C?

Zona fasiculata

What is D?

Zona reticularis

What is E?

Cortex

What is F?

Medulla

What is this image of?

Suprarenal gland

Is the pancreas retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal?

Retroperitoneal

What cells are found within Islet of Langerhans and what do they secrete?

Alpha cells - glucagon Beta cells - insulin Delta cells - somatostatin F cells - pancreatic polypeptide

What is A?

Intercalated duct

What is B?

Blood vessel

What is C?

Acini of exocrine pancreas

What is D?

Interlobular duct

What is E?

Intralobular duct

What is F?

Islet of Langerhans (endocrine pancreas)

What is the endocrine pancreas called?

Islets of Langerhans

Endocrine 1 Flashcards

(170 cards)