Endocrine

Question 1

Name the endocrine glands/organs

Answer 1

Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries/ Testes

Question 2

Which hormone reduces blood sugar?

Answer 2

Insulin

Question 3

Which hormone increases blood sugar

Answer 3

Glucagon

“Glucose-is-gone”

Question 4

Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?

Answer 4

Beta cells

(Within islets of langerhans)

Question 5

Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

Answer 5

Alpha cells

(Within islets of langerhans)

Question 6

How does insulin lower blood-glucose levels?

Answer 6

Interacts with cell membranes to open glut-4 channels, increasing cellular uptake of glucose

Inhibits gluconeogenesis

Increases glycolysis

Glucose storage as fat

Question 7

What is the role of the endocrine system?

Answer 7

Maintain homeostasis
Control storage and utilisation of energy
Regulation of growth, development and reproduction
Respond to environmental stimuli

Question 8

What are hormones?

Answer 8

Chemical messengers secreted into the blood. They act only where there is a receptor

Question 9

What can hormones do?

Answer 9

Change membrane permeability or membrane potential

Activate or inhibit enzymes

Stimulate or inhibit mitosis

Stimulate or inhibit secretion

Turn on/off gene transcription

Question 10

What two gonadotropin hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary

Answer 10

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

Question 11

Name a hormone produced by the thyroid

Answer 11

Thyroxin

Triiodothyronine

Question 12

Describe the role of the thyroid in calcium homeostasis

Answer 12

Rising Ca2+ triggers the thyroid to release calcitonin, this stimulates calcium to deposit in bone.

Falling Ca2+ detected, parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone, increasing blood Ca2+

Question 13

What is produced in the adrenal glands?

Answer 13

Aldosterone (by zona glomerulosa)

Corticosteroids (by zona fasciculata)

Adrenaline and noradrenaline (by adrenal medulla)

Androgens

Question 14

Name two opposing pituitary disorders

Answer 14

Gigantism (hypersecretion of GH)

Dwarfism (hyposecretion of GH)

Question 15

What is Cushings Syndrome?

Answer 15

Excess free cortisol production

Question 16

Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

Answer 16

Abnormal fat deposits- “buffalo hump”, moon face, female balding, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, etc

Question 17

What is addisons disease?

Answer 17

Destruction of the zona glomerulosa and zona fasiculata of the adrenal glands causing low output of aldosterone and cortisol

Question 18

Symptoms of addisons

Answer 18

Hyperpigmentation, hypotension, weakness, nausea, vomiting

Adrenal crisis- fever, syncope, hypoglycaemia, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, severe D&V

Question 19

Classic symptoms of diabetes

Answer 19

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

Question 20

Differences between type and type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

Type 1- autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
5-10% of cases

Type 2- insulin resistance.
90-95% of cases

Question 21

Blood glucose ranges?

Healthy/ prediabetic/ diabetic

Answer 21

Healthy: 4 - 5.9mmol/L

Pre: 6 - 6.9mmol/L

Diabetic: > 6.9mmol/L

Question 22

What disease can cause Addisons?

Answer 22

TB

Question 23

What gland produces melatonin?

Answer 23

Pineal gland

Question 24

What gland is located just superiority to the kidneys?

Answer 24

Adrenal Gland

(Ad= above, Renal= kidneys)

Question 25

Are testosterone receptors within the cell or on the membrane?

Answer 25

Within the cell

Question 26

What is the largest endocrine gland

Answer 26

Thyroid

Question 27

What are the catecholamines?

Answer 27

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 28

Where are the catecholamines produced

Answer 28

Adrenal glands

Question 29

Is the endocrine system responsible for slow changes or fast responses?

Answer 29

The endocrine system uses hormones secreted into the blood stream so its effect is slow

Question 30

Where is testosterone produced?

Answer 30

Testes

Question 31

Explain the mechanism for insulin release

Answer 31

High glucose causes increase ATP production in pancreatic B cells. ATP gated Na channels open and partially depolarise the cell membrane. This opens Ca channels, which allow the extravasation of insulin

Question 32

What’s the main differences between DKA and HHS

Answer 32

DKA- usually affects pt’s with type 1 DM, and is a build up of ketones HHS- usually affects type 2 DM, osmolality issue due to insulin resistance

Question 33

Where is progesterone normally produced?

Answer 33

Adrenal glands and gonads

Question 34

Where is progesterone produced in weeks 0-10 of pregnancy?

Answer 34

Corpus luteum of ovaries

Question 35

What may cause cushings disease?

Answer 35

Pituitary gland tumour secreting excess Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Question 36

Key difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 36

Endocrine- secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream Exocrine- secretes through ducts, like bile duct

Question 37

**Which of these hormones have receptors on the cell membrane:** Progesterone. Testosterone. Oestrogen. Insulin. Cortisol. Thyroxin.

Answer 37

Insulin. (Insulin **can’t** go in) *The rest are all lipid soluble so can pass through the membrane.*

Question 38

What is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 38

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. (Stimulated by glucagon in response to low BM)

Question 39

What is glycogenesis and which hormone increase it?

Answer 39

The formation of glycogen from glucose to be stored in muscle cells. Insulin stimulates this action in response to high BM

Question 40

What is glycolysis?

Answer 40

The breakdown of glucose for use in ATP production. Increased by insulin

Question 41

Which lobular endocrine glands sit superiorly to the hypothalamus?

Answer 41

Anterior and posterior pituitary glands

Question 42

Name two posterior pituitary hormones

Answer 42

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin