PHARM 204 (Final) > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Amino Acid Derivative

A

Released by Adrenal Glands:
- Thyroid Hormones
- Catecholamines (Adrenaline, Noradrenaline)
Released by Pineal Glands:
- Melatonin

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2
Q

Peptide Hormones

A

Chains of Amino Acids
Released by Pituitary Gland
- Growth Hormone
- Tyrosine-Stimulating Hormone

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3
Q

Lipid Derivative

A

Steroid Hormones (Cholesterol Derived)
- Reproductive Hormones
- Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Eicosanoids (Arachidonic Acid Derived)
- Blood Clotting

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4
Q

Hypothalamus Endocrine Activities

A

Produces ADH and Oxytocin
–> Released at Posterior Pituitary Gland
Uses regulatory hormones to regulate
–> Anterior Pituitary Gland Activity
Autonomic Centers of Hypothalamus
–> Controls of Adrenal Cortex release

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5
Q

Infundibulum

A

Connects Hypothalamus to Pituitary Gland

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6
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Releases 7 Peptide Hormones

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7
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

Posterior Pituitary Gland
- Releases 2 Peptide Hormones

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8
Q

Anterior Pituitary (Pars Distalis)

A

Secretes majority of hormone

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9
Q

Anterior Pituitary (Pars Intermedia)

A

Secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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10
Q

Anterior Pituitary (Pars Tuberalis)

A

Wraps around part of Infundibulumq

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11
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Thyrotropes)

A

Releases Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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12
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Corticotropes)

A

Release Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
(ACTH)
Release Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
(MSH)

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13
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Gonadotropes)

A

Release Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Release Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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14
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Lactotropes)

A

Release Prolactin (PRL)

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15
Q

Anterior Pituitary Cell Types (Somatotropes)

A

Release Growth Hormone (GH)
- AKA Somatotropin

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16
Q

FSH Function

A

Targets Female Ovaries
- Maturation of Oocyte
- Release of Estrogen

Targets Males Seminiferous Tubules
- Sperm Production

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17
Q

LH Function

A

Targets Female Ovaries
- Causes ovulation
- Release of Progestin (Progesterone)

Targets Males Interstitial Cells
- Release of Estrogen
- Release of Androgens (Testosterone)

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18
Q

ADH
- When is it released
- Function

A

Released by posterior pituitary when:
- Rise in Electrolyte Concentrations
- Fall in Blood Pressure

Function:
Kidneys Retain Water
- Prevents Dehydration
Constricts Blood Vessels
- BP goes up

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19
Q

Oxytocin
- Function

A

Females:
- Uterine Contractions
- Mammary Glands release milk

Males:
- Smooth Muscle Contractions of Prostate Gland

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20
Q

Where is the Thyroid Gland?

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A

Anterior Side of Trachea

Inferior to Thyroid Cartilage and Cricoid Cartilage

21
Q

When is TSH released?

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A
  1. T3 and T4 levels low
  2. Hypothalamus releases TRH
  3. TRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release TSH
  4. TSH stimulates Thyroid Gland to release T3 and T4
22
Q

Thyroid Follicles Epithelium

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A

Follicles are lined with Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Made up of T Thyrocytes (Follicular Cells)

23
Q

T Thyrocytes

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A

Secretes Thyroglobulin and Iodine into colloid
- Tyrosine + Iodine = Thyroglobulin (T3, T4)

24
Q

Thyroid Peroxidase

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A

Apical Side of Thyrocytes (Facing Colloid)
–> Synthesizes T3 and T4

25
C Thyrocytes
Produce Calcitonin Lowers Calcium Concentration in blood - Inhibit Osteoclast --> Inhibit Bone Resorption - Stimulates calcium ion excretion
26
Thyroid vs Parathyroid Function
Thyroid = Metabolism Parathyroid = Calcium
27
Parathyroid - Produces what? - Function
PTH increases blood calcium levels Oxyphil Cells - Supports PTH production
28
PTH Targets and Function
Bone Target: - Stimulates osteoclasts to remove calcium ions from bone Kidney Target: - Reduce urinary excretion of calcium ions - Stimulates kidneys to produce calcitriol --> Increase intestinal absorption of calcium ions
29
Location of Adrenal Cortex Location of Adrenal Medulla
Cortex = Superficial Medulla = Deep
30
Zona Glomerulosa
Superficial Produce Mineralocorticoids (Salt) - Aldosterone
31
Zona Fasciculate
Intermediate Produce Glucocorticoids (Sugar) - Cortisol
32
Zona Reticularis
Deep Produce Androgens (Sex)
33
Aldosterone (Mineralocorticoid)
Increase Salt reabsorption --> Water follows --> Increase BP
34
Cortisol (Glucocorticoid)
Promotes metabolism, formation of glycogen and glucose
35
Androgens
Development of Pubic Hair
36
Adrenal Medulla
Made up of two types of Chromaffin Cells One type produces Epinephrine Other produces Norepinephrine --> Fight/Flight (Sympathetic)
37
Kidney Endocrine Response (Blood Pressure)
Produce Angiotensin II: 1. Low Blood Pressure 2. Kidneys release Renin 3. Renin converts Angiotensinogen into Angiotensin I 4. ACE converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
38
Angiotensin II Function
- Stimulates Adrenal Cortex to release Aldosterone - Causes Blood Vessels to constrict --> Raises Blood Pressure
39
Kidney Endocrine Response (Calcium)
Produce Calcitriol 1. Low Calcium in Blood 2. Parathyroid Hormone targets Kidneys 3. Kidneys release calcitriol 4. Calcitriol causes Small intestines absorb calcium ions into bloodstream
40
Calcitriol Activation
Cholecalciferol (Vit D) converted into intermediate products in liver Liver products converted to calcitriol in kidneys
41
Heart Endocrine Response
ANP Production: 1. High Blood Pressure (Usually caused by high volume) 2. Right Atrium Heart Cells detect high volume 3. Heart Cells release ANP 4. ANP inhibits ADH and Aldosterone
42
Pancreas 2 Functions
Exocrine Function - Digestive Enzymes Endocrine Function - Pancreatic Islets (Alpha/Beta/Delta/F Cells)
43
Alpha Cells
Glucagon Raises Glucose Levels - Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose
44
Beta Cells
Insulin Lowers Glucose Levels - Increases body's absorption of glucose
45
Delta Cells
Somatostatin Makes body more static (Inhibits Growth) - Inhibits Glucagon Production - Inhibits Insulin Production
46
F Cells
Pancreatic Polypeptide Regulates production of pancreatic enzymes - Inhibits Gallbladder contractions --> Makes more bile
47
Pineal Gland
Contains Pinealocytes --> Makes Melatonin Hormone
48
Melatonin Function
Slows maturation of sperm, oocytes, reproductive organs More produced at night (Makes you sleepy) Declines during the day
PHARM 204 (Final)
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