Endocrine

Question 1

three types of hormones

Answer 1

peptide, steroid, and amino acid derivatives

Question 2

peptide hormones

Answer 2

• made of amino acids
• come from precursor polypeptides that are cleaved during posttranslational modification
• these smaller units transported to the golgi apparatus for further modification that activate the hormones and direct them to correct location in cell
• hormones released by exocytosis after being packaged into vesicles
• water soluble, do not require carriers

Question 3

Why can’t peptide hormones pass through plasma membrane and what do they use to get through?

Answer 3

• charged
• initiate signaling cascade via extracellular receptor

Question 4

at each step of the signaling cascade initiated by the peptide hormones, there is a possibility of…

Answer 4

amplification

• common 2° messengers: cAMP, inositol, triphosphate, and Ca2+

Question 5

explain the process of peptide hormones binding and signaling through GPCR

Answer 5

• peptide binds and activates or inhibits adenylate cyclase, altering cAMP levels
• cAMP binds to intracellular targets which phosphorylates transcription factors like cAMP-REB to exert hormones effects

Question 6

steroid hormones are derived from…

Answer 6

cholesterol

Question 7

steroid hormone polarity

Answer 7

• minimally polar and can pass through plasma membrane

Question 8

steroid hormone binding and signaling

Answer 8

• bind to and promote cytosolic or intranuclear receptors, hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA altering a gene’s transcription
• slow effects

Question 9

steroid hormones travel via

Answer 9

• carriers
• lipid soluble

Question 10

aa derivative hormone examples

Answer 10

• epi, norepinephrine, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine
• share features w peptide hormones and some w steroid hormones

Question 11

Two types of hormones based on target tissues…

Answer 11

direct
tropic

Question 12

direct hormone

Answer 12

major effects on non-endocrine tissues

Question 13

tropic hormones

Answer 13

major effects on endocrine tissues

Question 14

hypothalamus role

Answer 14

• regulates pituitary gland through tropic hormones
• located in forebrain below thalamus and above the pituitary gland (paracrine signaling)
• can also respond to inc in blood osmolarity, regulate appetite and satiety as well
• negative feedback

Question 15

how does hypothalamus send signals

Answer 15

hypophyseal portal system (directly connects hypothalamus to ant pituitary)

Question 16

hypothalamus releases GnRH~>

Answer 16

ant p releases FSH and LH

Question 17

hypothalamus releases GHRH ~>

Answer 17

ant p releases GH

Question 18

hypothalamus releases TRH ~>

Answer 18

ant p releases TSH

Question 19

hypothalamus releases CRF ~>

Answer 19

ant p releases ACTH

Question 20

hypothalamus releases PIF (dopamine) ~>

Answer 20

ant p prolactin release dec

Question 21

HPA axis

Answer 21

know this

Question 22

how does hypothalamus signal to the posterior pituitary

Answer 22

neurons in hypothalamus send axons down the pituitary stalk directly into post pituitary which can then release oxytocin and ADH (vasopressin)

Question 23

tropic hormones of ant pituitary

Answer 23

F SH
L H
A CTH
T SH

Question 24

direct hormones of the ant pituitary

Answer 24

P rolactin
E ndorohins
G H

Question 25

prolactin

Answer 25

- stimulates milk production in mammary glands after oxytocin contracts smooth muscle of the breast

Question 26

endorphins

Answer 26

dec pain perception

Question 27

GH

Answer 27

- growth of bone and muscle - prevents glucose uptake in some tissues and stimulates FA breakdown - acromegaly

Question 28

posterior pituitary

Answer 28

- contains the nerve terminals of neurons with cell bodies in the hypothalamus - the posterior pituitary receives and stores 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus: ADH and oxytocin

Question 29

ADH

Answer 29

- post pituitary - response to low blood volume or inc blood osmolarity - action at the level of the collecting duct by inc permeability/resorption from the filtrate in the nephron

Question 30

oxytocin

Answer 30

- post pituitary - contraction of smooth muscle during child birth - positive feedback

Question 31

T3 and T4 produced by…

Answer 31

- iodination of the amino acid tyrosine in the follicular cells of thyroid

Question 32

T3 and T4 roles

Answer 32

- inc basal metabolic rate - inc cellular respiration - inc protein and FA turnover

Question 33

Thyroid hormone feedback mechanism

Answer 33

know this

Question 34

hypothyroidism in children can cause…

Answer 34

disability and developmental delay (cretinism) lowered activity level and weight gain

Question 35

hyperthyroidism

Answer 35

heightened activity level and weight loss

Question 36

calcitonin is produced by…

Answer 36

C-cells of the thyroid

Question 37

Calcitonin operates by…

Answer 37

dec plasma Ca2++ by 1) inc calcium excretion from kidneys 2) dec ca absorption from the gut 3) inc storage of ca in the bone

Question 38

parathyroid glands release…

Answer 38

PTH

Question 39

what does PTH do

Answer 39

- dec Ca++ by the kidneys and inc bone resorption directly to inc blood Ca++ concentration - activates Vit D, necessary for Ca++

Question 40

adrenal cortex hormone classes

Answer 40

sugar, salt, sex glucocorticoids mineralocorticoids sex hormones

Question 41

glucocorticoids

Answer 41

- cortisol & cortisone ~> inc blood glucose, reduce protein synthesis, inhibit immune system, and participate in stress response - release stimulated by ACTH

Question 42

RAA system

Answer 42

know this

Question 43

mineralocorticoids

Answer 43

- promote sodium resorption in DCT and CD to inc water reabsorption - inc potassium and hydrogen ion excretion - RAA system regulates it

Question 44

cortical sex hormones

Answer 44

- androgens

Question 45

adrenal medulla secretes…

Answer 45

- catecholamines into bloodstream

Question 46

catecholamimes

Answer 46

- epi and norepi (sympathetic) - dopamine - inc basal metabolic rate, inc HR, dilate bronchi, promote glycogenolysis, alter blood flow

Question 47

pancreas releases hormones that…

Answer 47

- regulate glucose homeostasis - alpha, beta, and gamma cells

Question 48

glucagon

Answer 48

- alpha cells of pancreas - raises blood glucose levels by stimulating fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

Question 49

insulin

Answer 49

- beta cells of pancreas - lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake by cells, promoting anabolic processes like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

Question 50

somatostatin

Answer 50

- gamma cells of pancreas - inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

Question 51

gonad hormones

Answer 51

- testes secrete test - ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone

Question 52

pineal gland

Answer 52

- releases melatonin which regulates the circadian rhythm

Question 53

cells in the stomach and the intestine produce…

Answer 53

secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin

Question 54

kidneys secrete…

Answer 54

erythropoietin

Question 55

atria secretes…

Answer 55

ANP - promotes salt excretion and water in the kidneys in response to stretching of the atria

Question 56

thymus secretes…

Answer 56

- thymosin - T-cell development and differentiation