Endocrine

Question 1

Hormones of the pituitary gland

Answer 1

• HGH
• TYRIOD STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
• ADRENOCORTICTROPIC HORMONE ACTH
• LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)
• FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE(FSH)
• PROLACTIN
• ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
• OXYTOCIN

Question 2

Hormones of the thyroid

Answer 2

• THYROXINE
• IODINE
• CALCITONIN
• PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)

Question 3

Adrenal hormones

Answer 3

• EPI and NOREPINEPHRINE
• ALDOSTERONE
• ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

Question 4

PANCREAS HORMONES

Answer 4

• GLUCAGON
• INSULIN
• SOMATOSTATIN

Question 5

GONAD HORMONES

Answer 5

• TESTOSTERONE (male)
• ESTROGEN (females)
• PROGESTERONE (females)

Question 6

HGH function

Answer 6

Regulates metabolic processes related to growth and adaptation to physical and emotional stressors

Question 7

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) function

Answer 7

Increases production and secretion
of thyroid hormone

Question 8

Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH) function

Answer 8

Stimulates the adrenal gland to secrete cortisol and adrenal proteins that contribute to the maintenance of the adrenal gland

Question 9

Luteinizing
hormone (LH) function

Answer 9

In women: ovulation, progesterone
production
In men: regulates sperm and testosterone production

Question 10

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) function

Answer 10

In women: egg development, estrogen production
In men: sperm production

Question 11

Prolactin function

Answer 11

Milk production

Question 12

Antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) function

Answer 12

regulate the concentration of water in your body. When you need to retain more water ADH tells your kidneys to reabsorb more water back into your bloodstream. This helps maintain the right balance of water and salts in your bloodstream.

Question 13

Oxytocin

Answer 13

Contracts the uterus during childbirth and stimulates milk production

Question 14

Functions of thyroxine

Answer 14

• Regulates metabolism
• Influences growth and development
• Helps maintain body temperature

Question 15

Function of iodine

Answer 15

• Essential for thyroid hormone synthesis
• Regulates metabolism
• Supports proper growth and development

Question 16

Calcitonin function

Answer 16

• Maintains normal calcium levels in the blood
• Is secreted when thyroid detects high levels of calcium
• Stimulates the bone-building cells to absorb the excess calcium, and kidneys to absorb and excrete calcium

Question 17

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) function

Answer 17

• Acts as an antagonist to calcitonin
• Secreted when calcium blood levels are low
• Causes bone-dissolving cells to break down bone and release calcium

Question 18

Cortisol

Answer 18

Increases metabolic rate, using fat and protein for energy

Question 19

Aldosterone function

Answer 19

Reabsorbs sodium and water from the urine, and excretes excess potassium

Question 20

Epinephrine/norepinephrine function

Answer 20

• Norepinephrine: raises blood pressure by vasoconstriction
• Epinephrine stimulates SNS
• Stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose for use as energy
• Both hormones increase oxygen and glucose in the blood and faster circulation of the blood to the brain, heart and muscles

Question 21

Glucagon function

Answer 21

Glucagon
Produced by alpha cells
Secreted when the body’s blood glucose level falls
Raises the glucose level
Stimulates the liver to change glycogen into sugar

Question 22

Insulin function

Answer 22

• From beta cells
• Enables cells to uptake glucose and allows for the storage of glycogen (for later use), fats, and proteins
• Responsible for the removal of glucose from the blood for storage
• Secreted when blood glucose levels are elevated
• Only hormone that decreases the blood glucose levels

Question 23

Somatostatin function

Answer 23

Produced in the Delta cells of the Pancreas, the nervous System and GI tract
Inhibits the release of other hormones including both insulin and glucagon

Question 24

Testosterone function

Answer 24

Main sex hormone in males
Responsible for secondary sex characteristics: voice deepening, growth of facial hair, muscle development, pubic hair, growth spurts

Question 25

Estrogen function

Answer 25

Responsible for secondary sex characteristics: breast growth, fat accumulation at hips and thighs, pubic hair, growth spurts Involved in pregnancy Regulation of menstrual cycle

Question 26

Progesterone function

Answer 26

Involved in pregnancy Regulation of menstrual cycle Prevents maturation of additional egg during ovulation

Question 27

Normal BS

Answer 27

4-8 mmol/L

Question 28

What is the difference between type one and type two diabetes

Answer 28

Type 1: is the destruction of beta cells from an immune response Type 2: is a decrease in effectiveness of insulin

Question 29

What is Addison’s disease?

Answer 29

Lack of cortisol release from the adrenal gland

Question 30

What is Cushing’s disease?

Answer 30

Excessive amount of corticosteroids released (Cortisol, Hydrocortisone)

Question 31

What is pheochromcytoma

Answer 31

It is a benign tumour that sits at the cortex of the adrenal gland. This benign tumour causes an increase in epinephrin and nor epinephrin secretion. Which leads to vasoconstriction.

Question 32

Signs and symptoms of hypothyroid disorder and what is it

Answer 32

Hypothyroid disorder is an inflammation of the thyroid gland, or an autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland. Signs and symptoms include: - Slow pulse, reduced cardiac output - Decreased metabolism, - cold skin, weight gain - Weakness, sluggish reflexes - Mental processes sluggish, personality placid Constipated - Cold, dry skin

Question 33

what is hypothyroid disease and its symptoms

Answer 33

Hypothyroid disease is when the thyroid creates too much thyroid hormone.This is caused by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland, which makes the thyroid gland react by secreting more hormone. S&S: Rapid pulse, increased cardiac output Increased metabolism, skin hot and flushed, weight loss Tremor, hyperactive reflexes Restlessness, irritability, emotional lability Diarrhea Warm, moist skin

Question 34

What is DKA?

Answer 34

DKA is seen mostly in type 1 diabetes. when a patient has no insulin in the body. This makes the body resort to breaking down fats for fuel.

Question 35

What is HHNC?

Answer 35

Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma is usually caused by an illness where the cells has a lack of affinity to insulin.