cAMP
FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2-receptor), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon
“FLAT ChAMP”
cGMP
ANP, NO (EDRF)
think vasodilators
IP3
GnRH, oxytocin, ADH (V1-receptor), TRH, histamine (H1-receptor), angiotensin II, gastrin
“GOAT HAG”
steroid receptor
vitamin D, estrogen, testosterone, T3/T4, cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone
“VETTT CAP”
intrinsic tyrosine kinase
insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF
MAP kinase pathway
think growth factors
receptor-associated tyrosine kinase
prolactin, immunomodulators (cytokines: IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IFN), GH
JAK/STAT pathway
think acidophiles and cytokines
“PIG”
metformin
- biguanide
- MOA: decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis, improves insulin sensitivity
- SE: GI side effects, increased risk of lactic acidosis when used in renal failure
glimepiride
glipizide
glyburide
- sulfonylureas
- MOA: stimulate continuous insulin release from beta cells
- SE: hypoglycemia, weight gain
pioglitazone
rosiglitazone
- thiazolidinediones “-glitazone”
- MOA: bind PPAR-gamma receptors, improve insulin sensitivity, decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis
- SE: weight gain, fluid retention, increased risk in CHF, possible hepatotoxicity
sitagliptin
alogliptin
saxagliptin
linagliptin
- DPP-4 inhibitor “-gliptin”
- MOA: inhibits DPP-4 which results in increased endogenous GLP-1 (incretin)
- endogenous GLP-1 not as effective as exogenous
- SE: low risk of side effects
exenatide
liraglutide
albiglutide
dulaglutide
- GLP-1 agonist “-glutide”
- MOA: mimic incretin hormone GLP-1–> decreases glucagon, increases insulin secretion, delays gastric emptying (reduces appetite–> weight loss)
- weekly injection
- SE: GI side effects (nausea)
dapagliflozin
empagliflozin
canagliflozin
- SGLT-2 inhibitors “-flozin”
- MOA: inhibit Na+ glucose linked transporter in kidney (more glucose loss in urine)
- SE: risk w/ kidney dysfunction, UTIs, mycotic infections, dehydration, polyuria, possible DKA
