Endocrine System Flashcards

Question

Acromegaly

Answer 1

Cause: overproduction of hGH in developed adults - suddenly in adulthood, it can happen Symptoms: - softening and widening of bones and soft tissues - enlarged feet and hands - thick ribs - headaches - enlarged heart/kidneys Treatment: drugs to lower or block production of hGH

Answer 2

- The Thyroid Gland a.k.a the metabolic thermostat - Located below the larynx - Made up of two lobes, one on each side of the trachea

Answer 3

1. Hypothalamus secretes Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland. 2. Anterior pituitary releases TSH into bloodstream. 3. TSH targets thyroid gland. 4. Causes thyroid to secrete thyroxine (T4) into bloodstream which stimulates increased cellular respiration in target cells. 5. High levels of thyroxine (T4) cause negative feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus, shutting down production of TSH or TRH

Answer 4

- the 4 represents the 4 iodine molecules in the structure of thyroxine - T4 increases metabolism of fats, proteins and carbohydrates - Increase rate of cellular respiration in heart, skeletal muscles, liver and kidney cells

Answer 5

Due to low production of thyroxine

Answer 6

- Could be caused by autoimmune disease, radiation therapy, medication - Weight gain: Thyroid producing less thyroxin, slows metabolism, don’t metabolize the food you eat as efficiently and you wont breakdown your fats in your body as fast as others Symptoms: - continually tired, feeling cold - slow pulse rate - Puffy skin - hair loss - Minor weight gain

Answer 7

- Due to failure of thyroid to properly develop (cretinism) - Results in stocky, short individuals w/ possible delays in mental development

Answer 8

- Overproduction of thyroxine - hypothalamus produces too much tRH - or anterior pituitary is producing too much tSH - Thyroxine stimulates metabolism = more ATP Symptoms: - Anxiety - Insomnia - Heat intolerance - Weight loss - Irregular heartbeat - same in children and aults

Answer 9

- Iodine in the diet (salt) is required to make thyroid hormones - Insufficient iodine = thyroxine is not made and there is no negative feedback signal to the pituitary to stop the secretion of TSH - this will make hypothalamus always release TRH and anterior pituitary will make more TSH - Too much TSH = extremely high stimulation of thyroid - Leads to enlargement of thyroid - will become inflammed - Great lake regions lack iodine in soil and water because it is fresh water, oceans have more iodine. Salt refiners add iodine to salt, making it iodized. Dairy and fish also contain iodine

Answer 10

- Same symptoms as hyperthyroidism - Immune system attacks thyroid - thyroid doesn't know it's producing T4, but it is, similar to hyperthyroidism - Also producing swelling around eyes - Can be treated with medication or removal of part of thyroid - The antibodies produced by the immune system act like TSH, and activates the thyroid to produce hormones

Answer 11

Calcitonin: Hromone secreted by Thyroid gland to Regulate calcium levels in the blood, which allows for bone cells to uptake the calcium from the blood - antagonistic hormones are Calcitonin and PTH (if one is high, the other is low, act to reverse, if calcium is high calcitonin is released, is calcium is low, PTH is released) Functions of calcium - Bone/teeth formation - Blood clotting - Nerve conduction - Muscle contraction - vesicles for neurotransmitters - When blood calcium levels are high, calcitonin is released - Calcium is stored in the bones If high blood calcium levels: - Thyroid gland secretes calcitonin into blood - Calcitonin allows bones to take in calcium, which is needed for bone development - Body's blood calcium levels will decrease back to normal If low blood calcium levels: - parathyroid glands secrete PTH (parathyroid hormone) - PTH will act on bones (to release calcium from them, which can make them brittle, leads to osteoporosis - Also acts on the kidneys, which help activate Vitamin D (Vitamin D helps the kidneys to absorb calcium so that it doesn't go into urine and instead, to blood) - Intestines also absorb calcium with their microvilli

Answer 12

- Produced and released by parathyroid glands - 4 small glands on the thyroid Also regulates blood calcium levels: - When blood [Ca2+] is low, PTH is released - stimulates 1) bone to breakdown calcium phosphate, 2) kidneys reabsorb calcium from urine, and 3) intestines to absorb more Ca2+ from the digestive tract - All of the above increase blood [Ca2+], which turns off PTH production

Answer 13

Hyperparathyroidism causes bones to soften due to excess calcium released from the bone - remember: its hyperPARAthyroidism

Answer 14

Hypoparathyroidism causes muscle cramps due to lack of calcium for muscle contraction, it is all absorbed into bone. - remember: its hypoPARAthyroidism - muscles start to cramp because they need calcium to function - all calcium is being absorbed into bones

Answer 15

- pair of organs that regulate stress response and blood sugar levels - Rest on top of the kidneys - connected to kidneys - deal with short and long term stress response - can deal with epinephrine and norepinephrine - can secrete cortisol Composed of two layers: - the adrenal medulla (inner layer) - short term stress - the adrenal cortex (outer layer) - long term stress - The medulla and cortex produce hormones that are different in structure and function

Answer 16

- In this case it acts as a hormone when released by the adrenal medulla - Regulates Short-term Stress Response - connection between endocrine system and nervous system - short term stress response affects also the nervous system because since epinephrine and norepinephrine are released, they are hormones and neurotransmitters that affect it Adrenal medulla produces: - Epinephrine (adrenaline) - Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - These hormones regulate “Fight, Flight or Freeze ” response - Cause similar effects to the Sympathetic (autonomic) Nervous System - Norepinephrine can act as both a neurotransmitter (messenger between neurons) and a hormone (affects activity of cells directly)

Answer 17

1. Stimulus occurs, the Amygdala interprets images and sound as stressful, which sends distress signal to hypothalamus 2. Hypothalamus activates the sympathetic nervous system via autonomic nerves, carrying signal from hypothalamus to adrenal medulla glands, bypasses pituitary gland and through spinal cord 3. Neurons stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine - remember: adrenal medulla is responsible for making epinephrine and norepinephrine, NOT BRAIN 4. Triggers stress response – increase body activity Results: - Rapid release and effects due to nervous system control - Effects last many times longer than nervous system effects

Answer 18

- Increased heartbeat and blood pressure - Rise in blood glucose levels - Energized muscles - Dilated pupils - ‘Fight, Flight or Freeze’ - Epinephrine is used because: - Allergic reaction: hypotension low bp, low blood flow. Epinephrine constricts veins, heartrate increases, also relaxes the muscles of the airways so you can breathe

Answer 19

Regulating Long-Term Stress Response - NO NERVOUS SYSTEM IMPACTED!!!!!!! - releases ACTH- adrenal cortex hormone - This releases glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids - Adrenal cortex produces: - Glucocorticoids (↑ blood sugar)- Helps to maintain energy, too much is stored as fat, which is why there's a link to weight gain - Mineralocorticoids (↑ blood pressure)- helps to keep blood flowing because the area that has more minerals will attract water to it, making it more flowy, blood pressure up - Glucocorticoids cause suppression of calcium absorption, slow wound healing, muscle weakness. - Mineralocorticoids increase sodium absorption in the blood - They trigger sustained physiological stress responses

Answer 20

- a glucocorticoid stress hormone - most abundant glucocorticoid - may increase chances of diabetes, anxiety - Produced via the long-term stress response - Releasing hormone stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior P.G. - ACTH is released to stimulate cortisol release - too much ACTH is long term stress response - Causes adrenal cortex to release the stress hormone cortisol - Cortisol breaks down muscle protein into amino acids - Those Amino acids are then removed from the blood by liver Then used to make glucose Glucose is released to the blood - It also breaks down fat cells Releases glucose - Increased levels of cortisol in the blood causes negative feedback that suppresses ACTH and its release - Cortisol reduces allergic/inflammatory immune system responses caused from damaged tissues - Raises blood glucose levels

Answer 21

- Cortisol reduces allergic/inflammatory immune system responses caused from damaged tissues - cortisone is cortisol that is administered into body as medication - given in a specific amount so body doesn't get too much sugar but just enough to reduce inflammation. The energy from the sugar is used for repair and mitosis - allows for increase of circulation - Cortisone is a drug given in many instances to reduce inflammation or allergic response - Cortisone injections are sometimes given to patients with arthritis to help reduce the inflammation.

Answer 22

- Main mineralocorticoid - too much minerals in blood is caused by aldosterone, this gets more water from kidneys, which increases blood pressure - Stimulates kidneys to increase Na+ absorption to blood - Increase [] of solutes in blood - Draws more water from kidneys

Answer 23

- Due to damage of adrenal cortex - cannot make hormones for long term stress response - Insufficient glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid secretion - Results in low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), sodium and potassium imbalances, and weight loss - low blood pressure - tired

Answer 24

- pancreas functions in the digestive system (produces enzymes to breakdown food) and endocrine systems (hormones: insulin and glucagon) - has beta cells (deals with releasing insulin) and alpha cells (deals with releasing glucagon) - Connected to the intestines by the pancreatic duct - Over 2000 clusters of endocrine cells, called the islets of Langerhans, scattered throughout the pancreas

Answer 25

- Over 2000 clusters of endocrine cells, called the islets of Langerhans, scattered throughout the pancreas secret antagonistic hormones: - insulin (secreted by beta cells) lowers blood glucose by making target cells more permeable to glucose - if blood sugar is too high, happens after eating a meal, beta cells in pancreas release insulin which goes to liver so that it stores extra glucose as glucagon. - Insulin also goes to muscle cells to uptake extra glucose - Insulin goes to fat tissue to store extra sugar - this lowers blood sugar back to normal - glucagon (secreted by alpha cells) increases blood glucose by stimulating the liver to convert glycogen to glucose - If blood sugar is too low, alpha cells in pancreas release glucagon, which goes to fat tissue to break it down to glucose - also goes to liver to break down glycogen - Recall: calcitonin and PTH are also antagonistic hormones (opposite effects)

Answer 26

- beta cells of pancreas deteriorate and fail to produce adequate amounts of insulin OR - Cells do not properly to react to the insulin and the blood sugar level rises above normal - This is known as hyperglycemia There are two forms of diabetes mellitus - Juvenile - Adult or late-onset diabetes

Answer 27

- Juvenile diabetes - diabetes Mellitus - before the age of 20 years - caused by early degeneration of the beta cells in the pancreas - immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells - Daily injections of insulin are necessary to replace the missing insulin - also known as insulin dependent - Injections are administered by the patient subcutaneously, why? - since insulin is a protein hormone and would be digested if given orally

Answer 28

- Adult or late-onset diabetes - Diabetes Mellitus - Around 90% of diabetics develop the condition as adults. Due to two potential factors: 1.) Cells in the body do not respond properly to insulin, not allowing them to take in glucose for metabolism 2.) Reduced insulin output by the beta cells of the pancreas - Sulfonamide drugs are also prescribed to stimulate the beta cells to produce a little more insulin. - Other drugs allow for cells to be more sensitive to insulin and respond properly to the presence of insulin - Not necessary to give insulin and so this condition is also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes. can increase insulin production by pancreas with drugs

Answer 29

- Male and females both have gonads (testes and ovaries) that produce reproductive cells. - Males produce sperm - Females produce eggs - Sex hormones – control the development and function of the reproductive system or secondary sex characteristics

Answer 30

protein/water-soluble hormones - because the hormone only attaches to a receptor that causes a cascade event - That's why epinephrine is used as adrenaline, because it's so quick - targets all cells that has that specific receptor on it

Answer 31

hypothalamus - releasing hormones - goes to pituitary gland pituitary gland - releases tropic/stimulating hormones - goes through blood stream to go to specific glands - glands release hormones

Answer 32

GNRH- comes from hypothalamus - after release, anterior pituitary gland releases: FSH and LH both in males and females - In males, testes begin sperm production which releases testosterone - In females, ovaries produce estrogen and progestrogen

Endocrine System Flashcards

(56 cards)