Anatomy 3300 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

Two types of glands in endocrine system

A

Exocrine

Endocrine

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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Non-hormonal secretions transported through ducts to membrane surfaces of cells

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3
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Duct-less and secrete hormones into surrounding tissue fluid

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4
Q

Which type of gland is more vascular

A

Endocrine

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5
Q

Which type of gland targets specific organs

A

Endocrine

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6
Q

Pure endocrine organ

A

Only purpose is to secrete hormones

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Produces molecules that control hormones

  • Link between nervous and endocrine systems
  • Located in temporal lobe
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8
Q

Amino acid based hormones

A

Protein based hormones that exert signalling effects once bound to receptor on cell surface

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9
Q

Steroids

A

Derived from cholesterol

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10
Q

Are AA or steroids more lipid soluble?

A

Steroids

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11
Q

Ae most hormones AA or steroids?

A

AA

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12
Q

Activation of target cell receptors depends on 3 factors

A

Blood level of hormone
Number of receptors on cell
Affinity between hormone and receptor

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13
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback system

A

Estrogen stimulates oxytocin release during childbirth

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14
Q

3 types of regulatory stimuli

A

Humoral
Neural
Hormonal

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15
Q

Humoral

A

Changing blood levels of molecules

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16
Q

Neural

A

Nerves stimulate hormone release

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17
Q

Hormonal

A

Release in response to hormones from other endocrine organs

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18
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Responds to low levels of calcium in the blood (humoral response)

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19
Q

Location of the pituitary gland

A

Hypophyseal fossa in the sphenoid bone

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20
Q

What structure connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

A

Infundibulum

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21
Q

How many hormones does the pituitary secrete

A

9

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22
Q

What is the posterior lobe of the pituitary made of

A

Neural tissue

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23
Q

What is the anterior lobe of the pituitary made of

A

Glandular tissue

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24
Q

3 structures that compose the Neuropophysis

A

Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitary
Infundibulum

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25
What is the anterior boundary of the pituitary
Optic chiasma
26
What is the mammillary body involved in
Memory processing
27
Order of blood vessels supplying the anterior pituitary
Internal carotid artery Superior hypophyseal artery Anterior lobe Dural sinuses and hypophyseal vein
28
8 Products of the pituitary
``` Oxytocin ADH ACTH TSH FSH LH GH PRL ```
29
Order of hypophyseal portal system
``` Hypothalamus sends releasing/inhibiting factors Hormones go to primary capillaries Hypophyseal portal veins Secondary capillaries Secretory cells ```
30
What blood vessel supplies the posterior pitutitary
Inferior hypophyseal artery
31
Where does the inferior hypophyseal artery drain
Capillary plexus of the infundibular process
32
Which pituitary lobe is part of the brain?
Posterior
33
Hypophyseal tract
Axons from the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei maintain a connection between the posterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
34
Supraoptic Nucleus
Nucleus in hypothalamus that produces ADH (vasopressin) which enhances water absorption
35
Paraventricular nucleus
Nucleus in the hypothalamus that project to pituitary and release oxytocin and ADH
36
Location of PVN
In the hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle
37
What 2 hormones are released during childbirth
Oxytocin | Progesterone
38
ADH
Peptide that inhibits urine formation to prevent water imbalance
39
Function of the anterior pituitary
Manufacture and release hormones
40
Origin of anterior pituitary
Rathke's Pouch
41
Origin of posterior pituitary
Diencephalon
42
Connection of anterior pituitary to hypothalamus
Only vascular through hypophyseal portal system
43
Where does the anterior pituitary secrete products
Anterior hypophyseal vein
44
Pituitary adenoma
Benign tumour of epithelial cell origin
45
Hyperplasia
Excess growth
46
6 amino acid based hormones released by the pituitary
``` ACTH MSH GH TSH Gonadotropins Prolactin ```
47
Tropic hormone
Other endocrine glands are the target
48
Giantism
Growth hormone disorder of childhood
49
Acromelagy
Growth hormone disorder of adulthood
50
ACTH
Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids to help body fight stressors
51
What is ACTH release stimulated by
Corticotropin releasing hormone from corticotrope cells
52
Cushing's disease
``` Excess glucosteroids (cortisol) due to increased ACTH - Causes redistribution of fat-- buffalo hump, moon face ```
53
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
Stimulates melanin production for skin pigmentation and appetite control
54
GHRH
Produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates release of GH from somatotropes
55
Somatostatin
Inhibits release of GH and blocks GI and pancreatic cecretions
56
Targets for GH
Epiphyseal plates in bones and skeletal muscle
57
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
Produced by thyrotropes and stimulated by TRH | - Stimulates development and secretions of the thyroid
58
Gonadotropins
Secreted by gonadotropes and stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone
59
Lutenizing hormone
Type of gonadotropin that onsets ovulation causing release of progesterone
60
Follicle stimulating hormone
Type of gonadotropin that stimulates release of estrogen and gamete production
61
Prolactin
Produced by lactotropes | - Stimulates milk production
62
Order of abundance of anterior pituitary histology
``` Somatotropes Corticotropes Lactotropes Thyrotropes Gonadotropes ```
63
What is the largest pure endocrine gland
Thyroid
64
Where is the thyroid located
Anterior neck | - C5-T1 vertebrae
65
Isthmus
Connects the right and left lobes of thyroid
66
Where is the Isthmus located
Tracheal rings 2-3
67
2 vessels supplying the thyroid
Superior thyroid artery | Inferior thyroid artery
68
Superior thyroid artery
Branch of the external carotid artery
69
Inferior thyroid artery
Branch of the thyrocervical trunk of the subclavian artery
70
3 hormones produced by thyroid
T3 T4 Calcitonin
71
What are T3 and T4 mostly compose dof
Iodine
72
Effects of T3 and T4
Increase metabolic rate and body heat production Maintain blood pressure Involved in growth and development
73
Calcitonin
Lowers blood Ca by inhibiting osteoclast activity | -Stimulates Ca uptake in bones
74
Hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease)
Autoimmune disease caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone
75
Effects of hyperthyroidism
Increased metabolism and sweating | Rapid irregular heart beat, weight loss
76
Exopthalmos
Protrusion of eyeballs caused by hyperthyroidism
77
Treatments for hyperthyroidism
Thyroidectomy | Ingestion of Iodine 131
78
Hypothyroidism
Causes decreased metabolic rate, chills lethargy and edema
79
How is T3 produced
Thyroid stimulating hormone from the pituitary stimulates thyroid to produce T3 with dietary iodine
80
Goiter
Huge thyroid enlargement from prolonged stimulation of TSH in the absence of iodine
81
Thyroid nodules
Tumours of the thyroid gland | - most common endocrine malignancy
82
Parathyroid Glands
4 nodes on posterior thyroid
83
Tetany
Muscular disorder resulting from low Ca
84
What is a cause for tetany
Accidental removal of the parathyroid glands
85
How does PTH act on the kidneys and small intestine
Promoting formation of calcitrol (active vitamin D) which aids in calcium absorption
86
Adrenal gland
Pyramid shape on the superior pole of the kidney
87
What encloses the adrenal gland
Fibrous connective tissue capsule that covers the kidney
88
3 vessels supplying the adrenal gland
Superior suprarenal artery Middle Suprarenal artery Inferior suprarenal artery
89
Superior suprarenal artery
Branch of the inferior phrenic artery
90
Middle suprarenal artery
Branch of the abdominal aorta
91
Inferior suprarenal aorta
Renal Artery
92
What composes 85% of the adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
93
What 2 steroids does the adrenal cortex produce
Mineralcorticoids | Glucocorticoids
94
What are the two lobes of the adrenal gland
Cortex: glandular tissue Medulla: Neural tissue
95
Mineralcorticoids
(Aldosterone) increase blood levels of salt and walter
96
Glucocorticoids
(cortisol) Stress resistance, immune function and inflammatory response
97
Adrenal medulla
Neural tissue derived from neural crest
98
What are the 2 products released by the adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
99
Epinephrine
(80%) Stimulates heart and metabolic activity
100
Norepinephrine
Stimulates vasoconstriction and blood pressure
101
Effects of long term stress response
Retention of sodium and water by kidneys Increased blood volume and pressure Increased blood sugar Suppression of immune system
102
Pancreas
Accessory digestive organ with exocrine and endocrine processes
103
Exocrine cells in the pancreas
Acinar cells: produce enzyme secretions that duct into the small intestine
104
3 endocrine cells in the pancreas
Alpha: glucagon Beta: Insulin Delta: somatostatin
105
Which pancreatic cell responds to hypoglycemic conditions
Glucagon
106
Islet of langerhans
Pancreas cells alpha, beta and delta
107
4 parts of the pancreas structure
Head Neck Body Tail
108
Which parts of the pancreas is pouched in the small intestine
Head and neck
109
Which parts of the pancreas are associated with the spleen
Tail
110
4 vessels that supply the pancreas
Celiac trunk Common hepatic artery Splenic artery Superior mesenteric artery
111
Glucagon
Releases glucose to the body
112
Glycogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose
113
Glucogenesis
Glucose is formed from lactic acid, fats and amino acids
114
What does insulin stimulate
Glucose storage in cells- glucose to glycogen
115
When do alpha cells release glucagon
When blood sugar is low (humoral)
116
When does gestational diabetes take effect
between 24-28 weeks gestation
117
What regulates the gonads
Gonadotropins
118
What two hormones effect the female gonads
Estrogen | Progesterone
119
Where is the pineal gland located
Roof of the 3rd ventricle, part of the dicephalon
120
Pinealocytes
Cells that secrete melatonin
121
What hormone does cardiac muscle produce
Atrial naturetic peptide
122
What does ANP counteract and act with
Counteracts Aldosterone | Acts with ADH
123
What 3 hormones does the placenta secrete
Estrogen Progesterone Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)
124
What hormone does the mucosa of GI organs produce
Gastrin: Stimulates release of HCl for digestion
125
What hormone does adipose tissue produce
Leptin: Acts in CNS to produce feeling of satiety
126
What opposes leptin
Orexin (hypothalamus)
Anatomy 3300
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