Endocrine System..

Question 1

Give some examples of edocrine organs…

Answer 1

• Hypothalamus
• Adrenas
• Ovaries
• Thyroid Gland
• Parathyroid Glands
• Pituitary Gland

Question 2

True of false…

The posterior pituitary releases the most hormones?

Answer 2

FALSE

Posterior only releases: ADH and oxytocin. The anterior releases the rest

Question 3

Give some examples of pituitary diseases…

Answer 3

• Hyperpitutaryism- realted effects (adenomas)
• Hypopititaryism- realted effects (injury, surgery, radiation, inflammation)
• Local mass effect (compression of the optic chiasm.

Question 4

What is the most common cause of hyperpituitarism?

Answer 4

Adenoma (functional) is the most common cause of hyperpituiraryism.
Cancer and hyperplasia are also causes.

Question 5

• Functional-Prolactinoma
• Non functional
• Microadenoma
• Macroadenoma

Are all what???

Answer 5

They are pituitary adenomas (benign tumours)

Question 6

Pituitary diseases can cause lots of syndromes. Name some,..

Answer 6

• Cushing’s disease (ACTH release)
• Gigantism (kids), Acromegaly (adults) from growth hormone
• Sexual dysfunction, infertility, amenorrhea, Galactorrhea (prolactin)
• Hyperthyroidism (TSH)
• Hypergonadism, mass effects/ Hypopituitaryism (FSH, LH)

Question 7

What’s HYPERpituitarysim?

Answer 7

It’s overproduction of hormones from the pituitary gland. Often caused by functional adenoma.

Question 8

What’s HYPOpituitaryism?

Answer 8

It’s underactive hormone production from the pituitary glands.

Can be caused by ischemic necrosis, non functioning adenomas, surgery, irradiation

Question 9

Name some causes for HYPOpituitaryism…

Answer 9

• Ischemic necrosis of the pituitary (Sheehan’s syndrome)
• Non functioning adenomas
• Surgery/irradiation
• Inflammatory lesions

Question 10

Name some causes of HYPERthyroidism…

Answer 10

• Graves disease
• Over treatment of thyroxine
• Infective De Quervain’s thyroiditis
• Toxic Multi-nodular goitre
• Toxic Adenoma

Question 11

Signs/ symptoms of HYPERthyroidism….

Answer 11

• Fine, straight hair
• Intolerance to heat
• Finger clubbing
• Tachycardia
• Weight loss
• Muscle wasting
• Breast enlargement
• Localised Oedema
• Increased BP
• Diarrhoea
• Tremors
• Bulging eyes

Question 12

How to treat HYPERthyroidism…

Answer 12

• Testing: clinical + thyroid function tests
• Treat the cause
• Carbimazole/ Propylthiouracil
• Radioiodine
• Thyroidectomy

Question 13

Possibe causes of HYPOthyroidism…

Answer 13

• Iodine deficiency
• Autoimmune -Hashimotos
• Latrogenic: Surgery/ radioiodine
• Pituitary Defects
• Congenital

Question 14

HYPO-thyroidism symptoms:

Answer 14

• Hair loss
• Lethargy
• Dry skin
• Muscle Aches/ weakness
• Constapation
• Cold intolerance
• Extreme fatugue
• Brittle nails+ hair
• Weight gain
• Bradycardia
• Thick skin

Question 15

What is Hashimotos thyroiditis?

Answer 15

It’s an autoimmune disease which causes destruction of the thyroid gland.
More common in women. And people between 45-60.

Question 16

How do you treat HYPOthyroidism?

Answer 16

-THYROXINE

Question 17

True of false:

Thyroid cancer is very common.

Answer 17

FALSE

It’s relatively uncommon. The most common type is Papillary Carcinoma (Non-functional tumour)

Question 18

What is the role of the parathyroid gland?

Answer 18

It’s role is in calcium regulation.

Question 19

What are possible causes of HYPOparathyroidism…

Answer 19

• Removal by surgery (thyroidectomy)
• Congenital
• Hereditary (autoimmune)

Question 20

Irritability, tetany (muscle spasms) and seisures are all symptoms of what disorder?

Answer 20

HYPOparathyrpodism (low calcium)

Question 21

What are some of the symptoms of HYPOparathyroidism?

Answer 21

There symptoms are due to low calcium:

• Irritability
• Tetany
• Seizures

Question 22

What are the (primary, secondary and tertiary) causes for HYPERparathyroidism?

Answer 22

• PRIMARY Adenoma
• SECONDARY Chronic renal failure
• TERTIARY After renal transplant

Question 23

What disorder could these things cause?

• Adenoma
• Chronic Renal Faiulre
• Renal Transplant

Answer 23

These things can cause HYPERparathyroidism

Question 24

Which disorder do these symptoms represent?

• Constipation
• Depression
• Seizures
• Muscle wasting
• Polyuria
• Bone fractures
• Kidney Stones

Answer 24

These symptoms are signs of HYPERparathyroidism (high calcium- Hypercalcaemia)

Question 25

What are some of the possible symptoms of HYPERparathyroidism?

Answer 25

These are due to high calcium (hypercalcaemia) - Constipation - Depression - Seizures - Muscle wasting - Polyuria - Bone fractures - Kidney stones

Question 26

What do the adrenals do?

Answer 26

They secrete certain hormones: - Zona glomerulosa (outside layer) release MINERALCORTICOIDS (aldosterone) - Zona fasciculata (middle layer) GLUCOCORTICOIDS (Cortisol) - Zona reticularis (inner layer) SEX HORMOENS (Testosterone, oestrogen)

Question 27

What hormones are released by the adrenals?

Answer 27

- Aldosterone (Mineralcorticoids) - Cortisol (Glucocorticoids) - Testosterone, Oestrogen (Sex hormones)

Question 28

What are some of the causes of HYPERaldosteronism (adrenal disorder)

Answer 28

- Conn's disease in more than 50% of cases (primary cause) | - High renin (secondary cause)

Question 29

Name some possible symptoms of Conn's disease. | main cause for the adrenal disorder HYPERaldosteronism

Answer 29

Conn's disease symptoms: - Oedema - Hypertension - High Sodium - Low potassium

Question 30

What disorder do these symptoms represent: - Oedema - Hypertension - High sodium - Low potassium

Answer 30

These symptoms represent Conn's disease | the leading cause for the adrenal disorder HYPERaldosteronism

Question 31

What's the role of the glucocorticoid CORTISOL in the body?

Answer 31

Cortisol role: - Essential to life - Regulates blood sugar - Inhibits inflammation - Stress response

Question 32

When is cortisol released?

Answer 32

It's released by the normal circadian rhythm. It's also released in response to stress. Excess release can cause Cushing's syndrome.

Question 33

What can cause Cushings syndrome? | the over production of cortisol?

Answer 33

Cushing's syndrome causes: - ACTH releasing tumour (pituitary/lung) - Steroids

Question 34

- Moon face - Obesity - Muscle weakness - Skin ulcers - Buffalo hump - Thin wrinkled skin - Hypertension Are all SE of what disorder?

Answer 34

CUSHING'S SYNDROME | the disorder to do with too much cortisol - adrenals

Question 35

What is the name given to adrenal insufficiency?

Answer 35

Addison's disease.

Question 36

What are possible causes for the adrenal sufficiency ADDISON'S disease.

Answer 36

Causes for Addison's disease: - Autoimmune - Infection - Neoplasm

Question 37

Hyperpigmentation (ie in gums), low sodium, high potassium, weight loss and GI disrurbances are all possible symptoms of what: - Hyperthyroidism - Cushing's syndrome - Addison's disease

Answer 37

These are all symptoms of Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency)

Question 38

Give some possible SE of Addison's disease... | adrenal insufficiency

Answer 38

- Hyperpigmentation (ie of gums) - GI disturbances (nausia, vomitting, diarrhoea) - Weight loss - Low sodium, High potassium

Question 39

Give some examples of Gonadocorticoids (Sex hormones)...

Answer 39

- Testosteone - Oestrogen Both secreted from adrenals

Question 40

What is 'Phaeochromocytoma'

Answer 40

It's a tumour of the medulla of the adrenal glands.

Question 41

Symptoms of Phaeochromocytoma (adrenal medulla tumour)

Answer 41

- Hypertension - Sweating - Palpitations - Nervousness - Increased metabolic ratio - Rapid Heart Rate

Question 42

What is the name given to the condition of proliferation of multiple endocrine organs caused by a group of inherited diseases.

Answer 42

MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA (MEN) There are different types.

Question 43

What's Multiple endocrine neoplasia? (MEN)

Answer 43

MEN is: | Group of inherited diseases resulting in proliferative lesions of multiple endocrine organs