Biology 116 > Endocrine System I > Flashcards

Endocrine System I Flashcards

(23 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

hormones

A
  • greek for “to excite”
  • chemical signaling molecules responsible for regulation
  • messenger of endocrine system -> allows cells to communicate with each other
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what happens when hormones are secreted into body fluids?

A
  • usually secreted into blood
  • bind to target cells
  • all cells exposed, only those with correct receptor respond
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

receptors

A
  • large proteins or glycoproteins on surface of target cells
  • recognize and bind to specific hormones
  • responsible for specificity of endocrine system
  • continually synthesized and degraded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

homeostatic control of hormone levels

A
  • hormone levels too low, receptor up-regulation

- hormone levels too high, receptor down-regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 6 types of intercellular communication?

A
  1. Endocrine Signaling
  2. Paracrine Signaling
    3, Autocrine Signaling
  3. Synaptic Signaling
  4. Neuroendocrine Signaling
  5. Signaling by Pheromones

Elephants Play And Sleep Nicely on Sundays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endocrine signaling

A

endocrine cells secrete hormones into extracellular fluid

-diffuse into bloodstream -> travel around body -> attach to receptors on target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

short distance signaling

A
  • cells produce and secrete LOCAL regulators
  • reach target cells by diffusion (not through bloodstream)
  • short distance, very quick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

paracrine signaling

A

target cells NEAR secreting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

autocrine signaling

A

target cells ARE secreting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

synaptic signaling

A
  • neurons form synapses (junctions) with target cells
  • neurotransmitters: signaling molecules are produced by neurons that secrete neurohormones, which diffuse across synapse and bind to receptors on target cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

neuroendocrine signaling

A

-neurosecretory cells - specialized neurons that secrete neurohormones, which diffuse into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

signaling by pheromones

A

phermones are chemicals that are released into the external environments
-target other individuals of same species to: define territory, warn of predators, attract mates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the two classes of local regulators?

A
  1. modified fatty acids

2. gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

modified fatty acids

A
  • contain long hydrocarbon chains

- ex: Prostaglandins - regulate many processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gases

A

-ex: Nitric Oxide (NO)
-Blood O2 rises -> blood vessel lining releases NO
[diffuses to surrounding muscle]
[activates enzymes, relaxes cells]
[vasodilation]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how does solubility affect the response pathway?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • water-soluble hormones affect protein in cytoplasm of target cells (act faster, but short term effects
  • lipid-soluble hormones affect gene expression of target cells (act slower, but long term effects)
17
Q

water soluble hormones

Study These Flashcards
A

-involves signal transduction (series of changes in cellular proteins that convert extracellular chemical signals into specific intracellular responses)

18
Q

pathway of water soluble hormones

Study These Flashcards
A

hydrophilic (cannot pass through membrane)

  1. hormone secreted via exocytosis
  2. travels freely in bloodstream
  3. binds receptor on target cell membrane (often G-protein-coupled-receptor)
  4. G-protein binds and activates adenylyi cyclase
  5. adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP) - 2nd messenger
  6. cAMP activates protein kinase (enzyme)
    [many kinds of kinases - all act by adding phosphat to specific protein -> post - translational control]
  7. other proteins inhibited or activated -> response
19
Q

pathway for lipid soluble hormones

Study These Flashcards
A

hydrophobic (cannot dissolve in blood, can cross CM)

  1. diffuses across endocrine cell membrane (CM)
  2. binds transport protein - soluble in blood
  3. diffuses across cell membrane into target cells
  4. binds receptor in cytoplasm -> hormone-receptor complex enter nucleus
  5. H-RC binds DNA (change in gene expression -> response)
20
Q

how may target cells differ?

Study These Flashcards
A

receptor and response molecule

21
Q

epinephrine

Study These Flashcards
A
  • rapid response by body in emergencies
  • triggers glycogen breakdown in liver
  • high blood flow in skeletal muscle
  • low blood flow in smooth muscle
  • can be due to different receptor or different intracellular proteins
22
Q

endocrine

Study These Flashcards
A
  • release hormones into surrounding fluid -> bloodstream
  • ductless
  • can be isolated cells or pair of organs
  • function with NS to regulated metabolism, maintain HS
23
Q

exocrine

Study These Flashcards
A
  • exocrine glands release materials into ducts (carry secreted substances to target area)
  • ex: sweat, mucus, digestive enzymes
Biology 116
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions