Endocrine tissue

Question 1

Where is the parathyroid gland located ?

Answer 1

Dorsal surface of the thyroid gland

Question 2

Where is the pancreas located ?

Answer 2

Left of and behind the stomach

Question 3

Name a few roles of the hypothalamus

Answer 3

• thermoregulation
• osmoregulation
• blood pressure and heart rate
• circadian rhythms l
• emotional behaviour and sexual

Question 4

Where is prolactin released from and what is its role ?

Answer 4

• from the anterior pituitary gland

- receptors on mammary glands which is reponsible for lactation.

Question 5

What is the role of follicle stimulating hormone and LH?

Answer 5

In females , it binds to receptors on the ovaries which is responsible for the production of oestrogen , progesterone and inhibin.

In males it binds to receptors in testes and releases testosterone and inhibin.

Question 6

What is the role of MSH?

Answer 6

Binds to melanocytes which stimulates the release of melanin.

Question 7

What is the role of growth hormone and where is secreted from?

Answer 7

• anterior pituitary gland.

- binds to receptors in the liver which stimulates the release of somatomedins.

Question 8

Where is oxytocin released from and what is its role ?

Answer 8

Posterior pituitary gland

Binds to smooth muscle receptors in uterus at end of gestation period which causes uterine smooth muscles to contract which causes women to go into labour and mammary glands during lactation period .

In males , binds to smooth muscle on prostrate glands and ductus deferens.

Question 9

Where is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 9

Anterior to the trachea

Question 10

What epithelium do thyroid gland follicles have ?

Answer 10

Simple cuboidal

Question 11

What is the role of the parathyroid hormone in regulating calcium concentrations ?

Answer 11

• when it detects that calcium concentrations are low in the plasma , it releases parathormone which initiates bones to release calcium into the blood and absorb more calcium from the GI tract.

Question 12

What cells in the parathyroid gland secrete the parathormone ?

Answer 12

• principle cells which have a dark , spherical central nuclei.

Question 13

What distinguishes parathyroid gland microscopic image and thyroid gland image ?

Answer 13

Parathyroid gland has adipose tissue present.

Question 14

What cell in the parathyroid gland does not have a known function yet and what colour does it appear on micropscpic slides ?

Answer 14

• oxyphil cells

And they appear lighter than chief/principle cells

• they develop after puberty.

Question 15

Wha embryological germ origin does the adrenal cortex have ?

Answer 15

Mesodermal origin

Question 16

What does adrenal cortex secrete ?

Answer 16

• corticosteroids which is an umbrella term for mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoids.

Question 17

What is an example of mineralocorticoids ?

Answer 17

Aldosterone

Question 18

What is an example of glucocorticoid?

Answer 18

Cortisol

Question 19

What embryoloigcal germ origin does the adrenal medulla have ?

Answer 19

Ectodermal origin

Question 20

What is secreted from the adrenal medulla ?

Answer 20

Catecholsmine hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 21

What are the three layers that make up the adrenal cortex?

Answer 21

1) outer layer is called : zona glomerolusa which secretes aldosterone
2) middle layer : zona fasciculata which secretes cortisol

3 inner layer : zona reticularis ( androgen precursors )

Question 22

What type of cells is the adrenal medulla made out f ?

Answer 22

Chromaffin cells

Question 23

Why do pancreatic acini appear purple ?

Answer 23

• because they have so rough endoplasmic recticilum.

Question 24

What is an example of hyperthyroid?

Answer 24

Graves’ disease

Question 25

What is an example of hypothyroidism?

Answer 25

Hashimotos

Question 26

Outline briefly whether TSH , t4, t3 concentrations are high or low in hyperthyroidism?

Answer 26

T4 & T3 and high But TSH is low due to negative feedback loop on the TRH production.

Question 27

What are symptoms of hyperthyroidism ?

Answer 27

- goitre - red, swollen skin - bulging eyes

Question 28

Is Graves’ disease an autoimmune disease ?

Answer 28

Yes , the antibody produced against the thyroid gland is called thyroid stimulating antibody/immunoglobin.

Question 29

What are 4exocrine functions of the pancreas ?

Answer 29

— secretes AmYlase - trypsin - elastase - gelatinise

Question 30

What are 3 endocrine functions of the pancreas ?

Answer 30

1) insulin ( beta cell) 2) glucagon ( alpha cell) 3) somatostatin ( delta cell) inhibits insulin and glucagon production.

Question 31

What is the role of mineralocortioid aldosterone during chronic phases of stress ?

Answer 31

Increases uptake of Na+ and water by the kidneys - increased blood pressure and blood volume

Question 32

What is the role of the glucocorticoid cortisol ?

Answer 32

- proteins and fats Andre converted to glucose for the brain to respond appropriately - suppression of the immune response