Endocrinology

Question 1

what happens in the fed state?

Answer 1

peripheral anorexigenic pathways: via the NTS (nucleus of solitary tract - neurones that gives feelings of fullness) and VMN/ARC neurons to alphaMSH/CART which reduces appetite
- SNS gets activated to increase catabolic pathways
- glycogenicolysis
- lipolysis
- thermogenesis
- suppression of insulin secretion

Question 2

what is the NTS?

Question 3

what are VMN/ARC neurones?

Question 4

what are alphaMSH/CART neurons?

Question 5

what is the MC4R?

Question 6

what happens in the fasted state?

Answer 6

• Anorexigenic brakes released: ghrelin increases AgRP/NPY antagonism of MC4R which increase appetite
• Efferent pathways (via vagus nerve) increase compensatory anabolic pathways:
• Lipogenesis
• Peristalsis
• Postprandial insulin secretion (partly via GLP-1)

Question 7

what are the components of muscle mass in females and males?

Answer 7

45% muscle in men
36% in women

Question 8

where is white fat mostly distributed?

Answer 8

mostly abdomen, gluteal thigh regions and around GI tract - mesenteric fat around GI tract

Question 9

what is mesenteric fat?