Thyroid stimulating antibody is seen in what condition
- graves disease
Pretibial myxedema is seen in what thyroid condition
- Graves disease
Treatment options for Graves disease
- Radioactive iodine: MC therapy
- Methimazole/PropylThioUracil
- Beta blockers for symptomatic relief
- Thyroidectomy
What antibodies are present in hashimotos
- Thyroglobulin Ab
- Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) Ab
What is a Myxedema crisis
- extreme form of hypothyroidism
- can result in coma
Best initial test to evaluate a thyroid nodule
- fine needle aspiration with biopsy
Is a cold or hot thyroid nodule more suspicious for malignancy
- cold nodule : no iodine uptake
MOA of metformin
- decreased hepatic glucose production
Metformin is not given to patients with Creatinine > 1.5 due to
- lactic acidosis
MOA of sulfonylureas (Glipizide, Glyburide, Glimepiride). MC side effect?
- stimulates pancreatic beta cell insulin release
- MC side effect: hypoglycemia
MOA of Meglitnides (Repaglinide and Nateglinide)
- stimulate pancreatic beta cell insulin release
MOA of a-Glucosidase inhibitors (Acarbose, Miglitol)
- Delays intestinal glucose absorption
MOA of Thiazolidinediones (Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone) . Side effect?
- increase insulin sensitivity at peripheral receptor site in adipose and muscle
- fluid retention
MOA of GLP-1 agonists (Exenatide, Lireglutide)
- mimics incretin -> increases insulin secretion, decreases glucagon secretion; delays gastric emptying
MOA of DPP-4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, Linagliptin)
- inhibits degradation of GLP-1
MOA of SGLT-2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin)
- Increases urinary glucose excretion
Cardiovascular effect of hypercalcemia
- shortened QT interval
- increased risk of cardiac arrest
How does Parathyroid hormone control calcium levels
- PTH stimulates calcium release from bone -> increases serum calcium
Define short stature
- a standing height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for sex
Most common cause of brain tumor in a child
- glioma
