Repro > Endocrninology > Flashcards

Endocrninology Flashcards

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1
Q

how does the endocrine system work

A

uses blood circulation to transport hormones and signals

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2
Q

steps for endocrine communication

A

-chemical messenger
-secreted by endocrine glands
-transported by blood
-target tissue-physiologic response

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3
Q

father of endocrinology

A

Berthold-castration experiment

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4
Q

explain Berthold’s castration experiment and what conclusion was drawn from it

A

he had three groups
-group 1: castrated–>lack of secondary sex characteristics
-group 2: castration then reimplantation–>normal male development
-group 3: castration and transplantation–>normal male development

-the study proved that testes were the gonad and produced something that led to secondary sex characteristics

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5
Q

ablation definition

A

remove and study change in activity

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6
Q

isolate and purify hormones definition

A

allows you to study chemical properties of hormones

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7
Q

replacement definition

A

after ablation, add substance back

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8
Q

assay definition

A

allows you to measure concentration of something

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9
Q

radioimmunoassay

A

place isotope^125 and sample in with the antibody of the hormone you’re measuring
(higher radiation=lower concentration)

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10
Q

ELISA assay

A

sandwich desired hormone between 2 antibodies which causes a change in color, the deeper the color the higher the concentration

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11
Q

types of secretion

A

-endocrine
-paracrine
-autocrine
-intracrine
-lactocrine
-pherocrine

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12
Q

endocrine definition

A

uses bloodstream

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13
Q

paracrine definition

A

hormone stimulates adjacent cell w/out entering bloodstream

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14
Q

autocrine definition

A

hormone stimulates same cell that secretes the hormone

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15
Q

intracrine definition

A

hormone stimulates the cell without being secreted

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16
Q

lactocrine

A

molecules can be in colostrum that can effect organ development in offspring

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17
Q

pherocrine

A

chemical messenger that communicates from one animal to another

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18
Q

flehmen response

A

moving lip to expose vomeronasal organ to recieve pharemones

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19
Q

examples of positive feedback

A

-oxytocin on uterine muscles during birth
-estrogen on ovulation

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20
Q

what stops positive feedback loop

A

when action hormones were building to occur

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21
Q

what hypothalamic center is positive feedback connected to

A

the surge center/preoptic area

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22
Q

what hypothalamic center is negative feedback connected to

A

the tonic center/arcuit center

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23
Q

what neuron is required for steroid reception? why?

A

kisspeptin. GnRH neurons dont have steroid receptors

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24
Q

agonist vs. antagonist

A

agonist-binds to receptor and elicits same response as endogenous hormone
antagonist-binds to receptor to block endogenous hormone

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25
chemical structure of protein hormones
amino acid chains
26
chemical backbone of prostaglandins
arachidonic acid(PUFA)
27
chemical backbone of steroid hormones
cholesterol
28
sex steroid hormones
-testosterone -progesterone -estrogen
29
what enzyme turns cholesterol into pregnenolone
cytochrome p450 side chain cleavage
30
what enzyme turns pregnenolone into progesterone
17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
31
what enzyme turns testosterone into estrogen
aromatase
32
what 2 enzymes convert androstenedione-->testosterone or estrone-->estrogen
aromatase and 17 β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
33
T/F proteins can circulate freely in the bloodstream, why/why not?
True, they are hydrophilic
34
protein hormone response pathway
non soluble through lipid bilayer so hormone attaches to primary receptor. this activates the coupled G-protein to activate adenylate cyclase. adenylate cyclase converts ATP-->cAMP(secondary messenger). cAMP activates protein kinase. kinase interacts with DNA synthesis leading to desired response.
35
why do steroid hormones need a carrier to travel in blood
they are hydrophobic/lipophelic
36
2 main steroid hormone carriers
-sex hormone-binding globulin(SHBG) -sex steroid-binding globulin(SSBG)
37
steroid hormone response pathway
hormone passes through cell membrane and binds to receptor within nucleus. hormone/receptor travel to SRE(regulating element of DNA). it travels to mRNA for transcription and translation to create desired response.
38
protein hormone metabolism
metabolized in liver -bonds are broken to turn it into a glycoprotein -glycoprotein excreted in urine
39
where does prostaglandin metabolism occur
in the lungs
40
metabolization of PGF2A by cows vs horses? why important?
cow: 80-90% horse: 20% what they can metabolize impacts dosage
41
steroid hormone metabolism
-in the liver double bonds are removed and a glucuronic acid/sulfate group is added rendering it water soluble -it travels to kidneys and is excreted in urine
42
GnRH producing gland: hormone type: function:
-hypothalamus -peptide -stimulate release of FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
43
dopamine producing gland: hormone type: function:
-hypothalamus -peptide -inhibit release of prolactin
44
corticotropic releasing hormone(CRH) producing gland: hormone type: function:
-hypothalamus -peptide -stimulate ACTH release
45
growth hormone releasing hormone(GRH) producing gland: hormone type: function:
-hypothalamus -peptide -stimulate release of growth hormone
46
oxytocin producing gland: hormone type: function:
-hypothalamus(released by posterior pituitary) -peptide -contractions for sperm transport/parturition, milk let down
47
FSH producing gland: hormone type: function:
-anterior pituitary -protein -stimulate follicular growth and sex steroid hormones(estrogen and testosterone)
48
luteinizing hormone(LH) producing gland: hormone type: function:
-anterior pituitary -protein -stimulate ovulation in females and testosterone synthesis in males
49
prolactin producing gland: hormone type: function:
-anterior pituitary -protein -stimulate milk synthesis and effect maternal behavior
50
growth hormone(somatotropin) producing gland: hormone type: function:
-anterior pituitary -protein -stimulate milk synthesis
51
adrenalcorticotropic hormone producing gland: hormone type: function:
-anterior pituitary -protein -release of corticosteroids, initiate parturition
52
estrogen producing gland: hormone type: function:
-ovary(graafian follicle) -steroid -secondary sex characteristics
53
progesterone producing gland: hormone type: function:
-Corpus Luteum -steroid -Maintenance for pregnancy, control follicular growth
54
inhibin(Female) producing gland: hormone type: function:
-graafian follicle -protein -regulate release of FSH
55
relaxin producing gland: hormone type: function:
-corpus luteum and palcenta -protein -expansion of pelvis during parturition
56
androgens-testosterone producing gland: hormone type: function:
-testis(leydig cells) -steroid -male mating behavior, spermatogenesis
57
inhibin(male) producing gland: hormone type: function:
-Sertoli cells -protein -regulate release of FSH
58
cortisol(glucocorticoids) producing gland: hormone type: function:
-adrenal cortex -steroid -induce parturition
59
human chorionic gonadotropin producing gland: hormone type: function:
-placenta -glycoprotein -support CL(like LH)
60
equine chorionic gonadotropin producing gland: hormone type: function:
-placenta -glycoprotein -immunological protection during pregnancy(like FSH)
61
estrogen/progesterone producing gland:(placenta) hormone type: function:
-placenta -steroid -regulate placental blood flow
62
placental lactogen producing gland:(placenta) hormone type: function:
-placenta -protein -stimulate mammary growth
63
prostaglandin F2A producing gland: hormone type: function:
-uterus endometrium -lipid -regression of CL
64
prostaglandin E2 producing gland: hormone type: function:
-Graafian follicle -lipid -ovulation, sperm transport
65
insulin-like growth factors producing gland: hormone type: function:
-liver -protein -stimulate mammary growth and fetal developement
66
melatonin producing gland: hormone type: function:
-pineal gland -amine -controle seasonal reproduction
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