Endocrone 5

Question 1

Infantile hypothyroidism

Answer 1

Not enough thyroid hormone

Question 2

Infantile hypothyroidism symptoms

Answer 2

• low metabolic rate
• cold interolerant
• growth is retarded
• brain development

Question 3

Cause of infantile hypothyroidism

Answer 3

• lack of iodine in mothers dies
• mother iodine supplemtaion is recommended throughout the whole of pregnancy

HYPOSECRETION: not enough thyroid hormone in new BØRNS

Question 4

Iodine dificiency disorder

Answer 4

• thyroud gland is unable to make enough thyroid hormone (TH)
• when stored the TH is depleted, TRH and TSH secretion increase to stimulate the thyroid gland to make more TH
• without iodine, TH cannot be made

Question 5

Result of iodine dificeny disorder (simple Goitre)

Answer 5

• loss of negative feedback control and over stimulation of the thyroid glan
• excess TSH stimulates growth of the thyroid gland
• thyroid gland enlarges with continual stimulation by TSH (loss of negative feedback control as there is an inadequate concentration of iodine to make TH)

Question 6

Graves’ disease cause

Answer 6

• too much thyroid hormone (hypersecretion) as a result of AUTOIMMUIMITY: - antibodies bind to receptor to realise hormone

Autoimmune disorder

Question 7

Symptoms of Graves’ disease

Answer 7

• high metabolic rate
• weight loss
• heat intolerant
• increased heart rate
• nervousness
• hair loss
• exophthalmos
• thyroid swelling

Question 8

Hyperparathyroidism symptoms

Answer 8

• bones become soft, deformed and fragile
• raises the blood levels of calcium and phosphate ions
• promotes formation of kidney stones composed of calcium phosphate

Question 9

What happens when calcium is too high

Answer 9

Hypercalcaemia

Question 10

Hypercalcaemia symptoms

Answer 10

• nerve and muscle cells less responsive and excitable
• can lead to depression of the nervous system, emotional disturbances, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes
• if plasma levels are signicaicnly elevated it can lead to cardiac arrest

Question 11

If calcium is too low

Answer 11

Hypocalcemia

Question 12

Symptoms to hypocalcemia

Answer 12

• if low enough can have spontaneous depolarisations
  Increased excitability of the nervous system
• leads to muscle tremors, spasms or cramps (tetany)
• when very low: get Whenverylow:getparaesthesia
  (tingling/burning sensation) in hands and
  face, muscle cramps, and in some cases the Saladin, Anatomy and Physiology,
  muscles of the larynx may contract tightly (laryngospasm), which can shut off air flow and cause suffocation

Question 13

What is hypocalcemia caused by

Answer 13

• Causedby:
• Vitamin D deficiency
• Diarrhoea
• Thyroid tumors: unregulated C-cells producing calcitonin • Underactive (or removal of) parathyroid glands
• Pregnancy and lactation

Question 14

Type 1 diabetics mellitus

Answer 14

HYPOSECRETION: too little or no insulin secreted

Cause: can be causes by destruction of pancreatic Beta cells but the immune system

Outcome: glucosuria, polyuria, diabetic, heart problems

Treatment: insulin injections or infusion - can’t be in tablet as insulin is a peptide hormone

Under normal circumstances all the glucose that is filtered in the kidneys comes back into the body - important fuel source as its the only one the brain can use - but when they’re is too much some wont be taken back into the body fast enough and will go into secretion thus the body - GLUCOSUREA

Glucose is osmitically active meaning it will take water with it thus polyuria

Question 15

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Answer 15

HYPOSENSITIVE: too little or no response to insulin: ‘insulin resistance’ - signal isn’t getting throug - receptor isn’t responding properly anymore

CAuse: desensitisation of insulin receptor - associated with obesity. The insulin receptors have been exposed to too high blood sugar for too long damaging them

Outcome: glucosuria, polyuria

Treatment: canchages in diet and exercise - varies medication

Question 16

How is diabetes mellitus diagnosed?

Answer 16

• cannot take single blood glucose measurement:
  
  • need to check response to glucose (glucose tolerance test), insulin levels, and longer-term exposure (HbA1C test)

Question 17

Addisons diesease

Answer 17

• lowered secretion of both cortisol and aldosterone
• low cortisol concentration leads to an increase in ACTH secretion
• excess ACTH stimulates melanin synthesis - darker skin

HYPOSCRETION
AUTOIMMUINITY

Other symptoms:
- low blood pressure
- weakness (lack of fuel)

Question 18

Growth hormone disorders - excess

Answer 18

• excess (gigantism)
• extreme Gareth
• causing is often due to a Timorese in the cells that secrete growth hormone in anterior pituitary

Question 19

Growth hormone disorders - too little

Answer 19

• difficienty
• dwarfism
• short and stature

Question 20

Cause of iodine deficiency disorder

Answer 20

Hyposecretion: thyroid gland can’t make enough thyroid hormone
- low amounts stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete TRH and thus the anterior pituitary to secrete TSH - the level of TH never increases so the two hormones keep being secreted

Question 21

Hyperparathyroidism cause

Answer 21

• leads to excess PTH secretion HYPERSECRETION
• usually caused by a parathyroid tumor

Question 22

Hypercalcaemia cause

Answer 22

• may be caused by a tumor or other influences

Question 23

Why does hypocalcemia cause the effects it does?

Answer 23

• changes in plasma ca causes a shift in RMP
• decrease in extracellular Ca results in cells being closer to threshold (membrane potential) and thus they are more responsive

Question 24

Why does Hypercalcaemia have the effects it does?

Answer 24

• changes in plasma Ca causes a shift in RMP
• increase in extra cellular Ca means exitable cells are further from threshold and thus making them less responsive

Question 25

What can increase blood glucose levels

Answer 25

Glucagon (main) Growth hormone Adrenaline Cortisol

Question 26

Eaxapmles of when you need to change a set point (reference range) to maintain homeostatis

Answer 26

Change in altitude - change blood count of oxygen carrying capacity Shift in a location with different climate - change BMR Fever - need to shift set point temporarily