What is a rigid endoscope made of?
Glass lenses within a hollow metal tube.
How does the operator view images with a rigid endoscope?
Through the eyepiece or on a screen for surgical procedures like laparoscopy or arthroscopy.
What provides light to a rigid endoscope?
A light source connected via a light cable.
What areas of the body can be examined using a rigid endoscope?
Ears, nose, airways, and urogenital tracts.
What is the advantage of using rigid endoscopy for surgical procedures?
It uses the keyhole method, requiring small incisions, causing less tissue trauma, pain, and infection risk.
How are surgical instruments accessed during rigid endoscopy?
Additional cannulas are inserted into the surgical area.
What is used to flush areas during procedures like arthroscopy or urethrocystoscopy?
Saline solution.
How is the abdomen visualised during laparoscopic rigid endoscopy?
It is inflated with an inert gas, usually carbon dioxide.
Do all rigid endoscopy procedures require general anaesthesia?
No, some procedures like otoscopy and vaginoscopy can be done on conscious patients. Most procedures require GA and pre-operative starving.
What are the suggested patient positions for rigid endoscopy procedures?
Rhinoscopy/Urethrocystoscopy: Sternal or lateral recumbency
Laparoscopy: Dorsal (or dorsolateral/lateral)
Thoracoscopy: Dorsal or lateral
Arthroscopy: Lateral (depends on joint)
What are the patient risks of laparoscopy?
Over-inflation of the abdomen with CO₂ can depress respiration and cardiovascular function.
What is required during thoracoscopy to manage patient respiration?
Intermittent positive pressure ventilation.
Why is body temperature a concern during rhinoscopy or urethrocystoscopy?
Copious flushing solution can cause hypothermia; patient temperature must be monitored and maintained.
How should rigid endoscopes be stored?
n their own plastic storage box with foam inserts to secure the scope.
What are the general cleaning steps for a rigid endoscope?
- Disassemble per instructions
- Open orifices and remove gaskets
- Wipe outside with enzymatic solution
- Clean distal lens with soft brush
- Soak in enzymatic cleaner
- Rinse with demineralized water
- Sterilize with high-level disinfectant
- Dry, reattach gaskets, reassemble
What alternative sterilisation method can be used for rigid endoscopes?
Ethylene oxide gas sterilisation (cold sterilisation).
How should camera and light cables of a rigid endoscope be cleaned?
Wipe clean, store properly, and they can be sterilised with ethylene oxide if allowed by manufacturer instructions.
What is endoscopy?
The visual examination of the interior structures of the body, including hollow organs and body cavities.
Is endoscopy invasive?
It is minimally invasive.
How are images viewed during endoscopy?
Through the eyepiece of the endoscope or on a screen.
What additional procedures can be performed with endoscopy?
Collection of tissue samples (biopsy) and removal of foreign bodies.
Can endoscopy be combined with surgery?
Yes, e.g., laparoscopic spey surgery and arthroscopic joint surgery.
What are the two main types of endoscopes?
Flexible long tubes and rigid shorter tubes.
When are flexible endoscopes used?
To visualise internal structures, take biopsies, remove small foreign bodies, and perform procedures like bronchoscopy, gastroscopy, and colonoscopy.
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Xray Production and the tube head14
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Digital Radiography39
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Radioraphy intercations and grids44
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radiographic contrast studies11
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Endoscopy28
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Radiography calculations12
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Ultrasound, MRI, CT & Scintigraphy31
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Radiography - exposure settings34
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Radiography Health and Saftey25
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Evaluation of radiographs30
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Radiography Positioning Theory23
