BCDE Finals > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Acoustic neuroma

A

Vestibular nerve.
Schwann cells
UNILATERAL SN HEARING LOSS
+ vertigo

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2
Q

Acute bacterial sinusitis

A

Lasts 7-30 days.
S. pneumoniae, H. influenza
Fever, discharge, anosmia
clinical diagnosis

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3
Q

Acute laryngitis

A

increased pressure leads to dysphonia/aphonia

vocal cords and larynx

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4
Q

Acute mastoiditis

A

acute otitis media.
boggy mass
High dose IV steroids. (usually s. pneumonia).

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5
Q

Acute tonsillitis

A

Usually viral- 1 week.
Centor criteria
Pen V if bacterial

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6
Q

Oesophagus cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma or SCC

Tobacco/alcohol/obesity/barrett’s

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7
Q

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

A

Can happen anywhere
Usually salivary glands
Locally invasive.

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8
Q

Allergic fungal sinusitis

A

immunoCOMPETENT (not like other fungi and HIV)
breathe in a fungus.
fungal debris and mucin in sinus

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9
Q

RAST test

A

amount of IgE in blood

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10
Q

Patch testing

A

suspected allergic contact dermatitis.

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11
Q

Label an otoscopy picture.

A 
Anterior fold
Posterior fold
Long process of incus
Lateral malleolar process.
Umbo
Pars tensa
Pars flaccida
Manubrium of malleus.
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12
Q

Benign nasal polyps associated with

A

Cystic fibrosis

Allergic fungal sinusitis

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13
Q

Branchial cysts

A

embryonic remnants
anterior border of SCM.
Fluctuant
NO transillumination, no movement on swallowing.

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14
Q

Caloric testing

A

Cold water: horizontal nystagmus other side.
Warm water: horizontal nystagmus same side.
Basent reflex= weak on side being stimulated.

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15
Q

Laryngeal cancer

A

Smoking and alcohol

SCC

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16
Q

Leukoplakia

A

Pre-malignant white patch

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17
Q

Oropharyngeal cancer

A

persistent sore throat
lump in mouth
pain in ear

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18
Q

Nasopharyngeal cancer

A

lump in neck
nasal discharge
obstruction
deafness

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19
Q

Hypopharyngeal cancer

A

pain in ear
dysphagia
hoarseness

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20
Q

Thyroid cancer

A

usually single.
PainLESS lump
hoarseness
difficulty breathing and swallowing.

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21
Q

Tongue cancer

A

Smoking
Alcohol
Betel nut

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22
Q

Carotid body tumour

A

Paraganglioma
Slow growing neck mass.
Anterior SCM near hydoid area.
90% unilateral, don’t hurt nerves

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23
Q

Fontaine sign

A

Tumour can’t move up/down (only side to side).

Carotid body tumour

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24
Q

Cerebellar lesion

A

DANISH on same side.

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25
Chorda tympani
Facial nerve. Tast buds Runs through th emiddle ear.
26
Chronic laryngitis
More than 3 weeks. Irreversible damage- cilia damaged causing mucus pooling and a reactive cough. 'Smokers cough', GORD, Intubation.
27
GORD and cough
a dry cough
28
Cystic hygroma
Posterior triangle of neck Transilluminates Soft and painless Just lymphatic drainage
29
Menieres
Recurrent Vertigo for more than 20 minutes (nausea) SN hearing loss Tinnitus
30
Epistaxis
95% little's area. Posterior bleeding: more serious, deeper structures. Silver nitrate Nasal packing.
31
FNA vs. core biopsy
FNA- smaller, collects cells | Core biopsy- larger, tissue samples
32
Functional dysphonia
voice change- no pathology. | SALT
33
Granular myringitis
Lateral TM chronic inflammation Granulation tissue Chronic discharge Dilute vinegar + excision.
34
Granuloma of vocal process
``` rare. Posterior 1/3rd Like a pyogenic granuloma Caused by trauma, vocal abuse, GORD foreign body sensation. hoarse voice. ```
35
Haemotympanum
retrograde bleed from nose or basilar kull fracture. pain and deaf
36
HPV papillomatosis
HPV 6+11 warts in upper airway- airway obstruction choking episode
37
Inverting papilloma
benign local growth- destructive. epithelial cells grow into supportive tissue malignant transformation (SCC) cut it out! When it occurs in the nose or sinuses, it may cause symptoms similar to those caused by sinusitis, such as nasal congestion.
38
Labyrinthitis
membranes inflammed SUDDEN vertigo, nausea, vomiting URTI in 50% before. Self-limiting.
39
Laryngeal tumour
usually hypo pharynx | post-cricoid
40
Laryngoscopy
can see as far as epiglottis + vocal folds
41
Lipoma
slow growing + rubbery
42
Loss of taste and smell
``` head trauma viral infection epilepsy AD + PD schizophrenia tumour Kallman's ```
43
Noise induced hearing loss
1. Acoustic trauma (bomb) | 2. Gradual NIHL (multiple)
44
Open biopsy
Lymph nodes
45
Otalgia
Outer ear, inner ear and referred pain
46
OM with effusion
fluid in middle ear NO ACTIVE inflammation Loss of light reflex Indrawn/concave/retracted drum
47
OM with cholesteatoma
radical mastoidectomy Congenital Primary acquired (chronic negative pressure) Secondary acquired (after TM damage)
48
Otosclerosis
``` increase bone turnover BONES metabolic dysplasia progressive C hearing loss Can also have SN loss. Drum usually appears normal. Tinnitus ```
49
Parotitis
old, dehydrated, debilitated, malnourished, bad teeth.
50
Pendred's syndrome (Mustafa)
bilateral congenital SN hearing loss and GOITRE
51
Perennial allergic rhinitis
House dust mites and pets | all year round
52
Perilymph fistula
connection between middle and inner ear (after head trauma)
53
Pharyngeal pouch
Killian's dehiscence | Men
54
Pleomorphic adenoma
``` common benign salivary gland cancer- usually parotids slow growing, no pain, firm malignant potential --> remove ```
55
Pre-auricular sinus
usually not a problem (unless becomes infected)
56
Promontary
hollow prominence made by a turn of the cochlear
57
Sialadenitis
inflammation salivary glands | red, pain, tender, swollen
58
Squamous cell cancer
most head and neck | smoking
59
submandibular gland swelling
salivary calculi | sialadenitis
60
throat swabs
candida | group A strep
61
Thyroglossal duct cyst
Midline (below hyoid) Fibrous no pain, smooth, looks a bit like a wierd keloid. Moves up and down when you stick your tongue out.
62
Thyroid adenoma
single lesion, well demarcated HOT=hyperthyroid COLD= no change
63
Tinnitus
objective= pulsatile (carotid stenosis), muscular/anatomical (tympanic membrane), spontaneous subjective-head trauma, MS, meningitis, drugs.
64
Tracheal stenosis
Congenital O instead of U | narro
65
Tracheomalacia
floppy- can collapse
66
Triangular fossa of anti-helix
yep.
67
Tympanic sulcus
anatomical groove in tympanic bone
68
Tympanosclerosis
calcification of tissue in ear drum
69
Myringosclerosis
Myringosclerosis refers to a calcification only within the tympanic membrane and is usually less extensive than intratympanic tympanosclerosis, which refers to any other location within the middle ear such as the ossicular chain, middle ear mucosa or, less frequently, the mastoid cavity.
70
Usher syndrome
retinal and SN hearing loss leading cause of DEAF BLINDNESS no cure
71
Vestibular neuronitis
Vestibular neuronitis, also called Vestibular neuritis, can be a paroxysmal, single attack of vertigo, a series of attacks, or a persistent condition that diminishes over three to six weeks. nausea, vomiting, and previous upper respiratory tract infections. It generally has no auditory symptoms, unlike labyrinthitis. Nystagmus Imbalance of neuronal input between the left and right inner ears.
72
Waadenburg's syndrome
varying deafness | pigmentation anomalies
73
Wegeners and ENT
``` rhinorrhoea- clear epistaxis sinusitis hoarseness cough dyspnoea ```
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