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ENT Flashcards

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1
Q

Allergic rhinitis Mx (4)

A
  1. Nasal irrigation with saline + advice

Mild-moderate
2. Intranasal antihistamines e.g azelastine hydrochloride PRN/ oral e.g loratadine/ ceterizine

Moderate- severe
3. Intranasal steroids e.g mometasone furoate, fluticasone furoate, or fluticasone propionate

Severe, uncontrolled
4. Consider short course of pred for 5-10 days

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2
Q

What is the first-line investigation for hearing difficulties? What is normal?

A

Audiograms

>20

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3
Q

Audiogram findings

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Air and bone conduction are both impaired

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4
Q

Audiogram findings

Conductive hearing loss

A

Only air conduction is lost

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5
Q

Audiogram findings

Mixed hearing loss

A

Both are lost, but air conduction is worse than bone conduction

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6
Q 
What is BPPV?
Caused by
Duration of symptoms 
Age
Dx
Mx (3)
A 
Sudden onset of dizziness and vertigo triggered by changes in head position, usually lasts 10-20 seconds
Caused by crystals of calcium carbonate (otoconia) get displaced.
>55yo 
Dx Dix-Hallpike
Mx 
1. Epley manouvre
2. Betahistine
3. Vestibular rehabilitation
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7
Q

Black hairy tongue

What is it?

A

Defective desquamation (peeling) of the filiform papillae
(build-up of dead skin cells on tongue)
Colour can be brown/ green/ pink/ any colour

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8
Q 
Black hairy tongue
Predisposing factors (5)
A
  1. Poor oral hygiene
  2. HIV
  3. Abx use
  4. Head and neck radiation
  5. IVDU
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9
Q

Black hairy tongue

Mx (2)

A
  1. Swab to rule out candida and topical antifungals if +ve

2. Tongue scraping

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10
Q

Choleasteatoma
What is it?
Age

A

Non cancerous growth of squamous epithelium usually in the middle part of ear
Age 10-20yo

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11
Q

Choleasteatoma
Features (5)
Mx

A
  1. Hearing loss
  2. Foul smelling non resolving discharge
    If local invasion:
  3. Vertigo
  4. Facial paralysis
  5. Cerebellopontine angle syndrome/ unilateral hearing loss

Mx surgery - refer to ENT

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12
Q

What is cerebellopontine angle syndrome?

A

Unilateral hearing loss (85%), speech impediments, disequilibrium, tremors

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13
Q

Choleasteatoma

Dx - what do you see?

A

Otoscopy - attic crust seen in upper most part of eardrum

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14
Q 
Chronic rhinosinusitis - symptoms for how many weeks?
Predisposing factors (5)
A

> 12 weeks

  1. Swimming
  2. Smoking
  3. Recent infection
  4. Septal deviation/ polyps
  5. Atopy
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15
Q

Chronic rhinosinusitis

Features (5)

A
  1. Frontal pressure pain worse on bending forward
  2. Nasal discharge - clear, if thick and purulent then likely infection
  3. Post nasal drip - can lead to cough
  4. Nasal obstruction - mouth breathing
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16
Q

Chronic rhinosinusitis

Mx

A
  1. Avoid allergen
  2. Intranasal corticosteroids
  3. Nasal irrigation with saline
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17
Q

Red flags in chronic rhinosinusitis

A
  1. Unilateral symptoms
  2. Epistaxis
  3. Persistent symptoms after 3 months
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18
Q

Otitis externa

Causes

A
  1. Infection e.g Staphylococcus aureus/ Pseudomonas aeruginos/ fungal
  2. Seborrhoeic dermatitis
  3. Contact dermatitis
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19
Q

Otitis externa Rx (4)

A
  1. Topical abx - fluclox
  2. +/- topic steroid
  3. PO abx if severe
    If fails to respond to topical rx then for ENT referral
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20
Q

What is malignant otitis externa and which group of patients is it most common in? Mx

A

Elderly diabetics

Infection spreads to bony ear canal and the soft tissues deep to the bony canal –> IV abx

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21
Q

Otitis media
When to prescribe abx? (5)
Mx

A
  1. Symptoms >4days
  2. Systemically unwell, but not requiring admission
  3. Immunocompromised
  4. <2yo with bilateral otitis media
  5. Perforation or discharge in ear

Abx amoxi - 5/7

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22
Q

Otitis media

Tympanic membrane signs:

A

Distinctly red, yellow, or cloudy and may be bulging.

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23
Q

Explain Rine’s + Weber’s

A

512Hz tuning fork

Rine’s air conduction (AC) should be better than bone conduction (BC) = positive test
If BC louder than AC = negative test and conductive hearing loss

Weber’s
Place on forehead
If louder on right side, could have right sided conductive hearing loss or left sided sensorineural hearing loss

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24
Q

What is Ramsay Hunt syndrome
Caused by?
Features (6)

A 
Herpes Zoster 
1. Paralysis of facial nerve
2. Rash around ear
3. Blisters can form in ear canal 
4. Tinnitus + vertigo 
5. Hearing loss
6. Auricular pain 
Rx oral aciclovir + steroids
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25
Vertigo ddx (4)
1. BPPV 2. Meniere's 3. Vestibular neuronitis 4. Viral labyrinthitis
26
Vertigo caused by excess build up of endolymph Lasts minutes to hours Caused by excess build up of endolymph 1. Hearing loss, increased hearing loss between attacks 2. Tinnitus 3. Aural fullness/ pressure (usually unilateral) 4. Not positional 5. Spontaneous nystagmus 6. Positive Romberg's test
Meniere's disease
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``` Vertigo Recent viral infection Sudden onset Nausea and vomiting Hearing may be affected ```
Viral labyrinthitis
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``` Vertigo Gradual onset Triggered by change in head position Each episode lasts 10-20 seconds No hearing loss ```
BPPV
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``` Vertigo Recent viral infection Recurrent vertigo attacks lasting hours or days No hearing loss Horizontal nystagmus ```
Vestibular neuronitis
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Vertigo Elderly patient Dizziness on extension of neck
Vertebrobasilar ischaemia
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Vertigo Hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus Absent corneal reflex is important sign Associated with neurofibromatosis type 2
Acoustic neuroma/ vestibular schwannomas
32
Mx Meniere's (2) | Driving
``` Acute 1. Buccal/ IM prochlorperazine Prevention 2. Betahistine Cease driving until satisfactory control of symptoms is achieved ```
33
Duration of symptoms BPPV Meniere's Vestibular neuronitis
BPPS 10-20seconds Meniere's minutes to hours Vestibular neuronitis hours to days
34
What is the HINTS exam used for? | What two conditions does it differentiate between?
Patient with hours to days of vertigo and spontaneous nystagmus To help differentiate between vestibular neuronitis and a stroke/ brain issue
35
What is the HINTS exam and how is it interpreted?
Made up of three tests 1. Nystagmus 2. Vertical skew 3. Head impulse test 1. Has to be unidirectional 2. Nil vertical skew 3. Positive head impulse test All three above findings = neuronitis
36
Vestibular neuronitis | Mx
Acute 1. Buccal/ IM prochlorperazine Prevention 1. PO prochlorperazine or PO antihistamine e.g cinnarazine, cyclizine, promethazine
37
``` Viral labyrinthitis Signs (Hint: uni or birectional nystagmus?) (hearing loss or no hearing loss) (head impulse test normal or abnormal) (gait) (skew test normal or abnormal) ```
1. spontaneous unidirectional horizontal nystagmus towards the unaffected side 2. sensorineural hearing loss 3. abnormal head impulse test: signifies an impaired vestibulo-ocular reflex 4. gait disturbance: the patient may fall towards the affected side 5. normal skew test
38
Tonsillitis complications (4)
1. Otitis media 2. Quincy - peritonsillar abscess 3. RhF 4. Glomerulonephritis
39
Tonsillitis | When would you refer a patient to ENT for consideration of tonsillectomy? (3)
1. Recurrent tonsillitis - 7 episodes / year for 1 year - 5 episodes / year for 2 years - 3 episodes / year for 3 years 2. Obstructive sleep apnoea, stridor or dysphagia secondary to enlarged tonsils 3. Recurrent febrile convulsions secondary to tonsillitis
40
When would you prescribe abx for tonsillitis? | Which abx in normal pt, in pregnant/ pen allergic pt, length of time?
``` Group A Strep (GAS) has been confirmed on rapid antigen testing OR Fever PAIN score >=4 OR CENTOR score >=3 ``` Phenoxymethylpenicillin or erythro if pregnant or pen allergic 7-10 days
41
What is the most common bacterium causing tonsillitis?
Group A Strep | Strep pyogenes
42
What is the CENTOR score used for? | What is the score?
To assess likelihood of GAS causing pharyngitis/ assess likelihood of tonsillitis caused by GAS ``` Can't cough (+1) Exudate/ swelling (+1) Nodes - tender/ swollen ant cervical lymph nodes (+1) Temp >38 (+1) OR Age 3-14 (+1) OR >= 45yo (-1) ```
43
Indications for abx for a sore throat
1. Significant systemic upset 2. Unilateral peritonsitis 3. Hx of rheumatic fever 4. Increased risk from acute infection e.g T1DM or immunodeficient 5. CENTOR score >=3
44
FeverPain criteria
PACTS ``` Purulence/ exudate Acute onset within 3 days Cannot cough Temperate >38 in last 24 hours Severely inflamed tonsils ```
45
Moves upwards with protrusion of the tongue
Thyroglossal cyst
46
Sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss What do you do next? What investigation is needed to rule out which likely condition? Mx
Refer to ENT MRI internal auditory meatuses (IAM) to rule out acoustic neuroma aka vestibular schwannoma High dose oral steroids
47
``` Onset is usually at 20-40 years Conductive deafness Tinnitus Normal tympanic membrane although 10% of patients may have a 'flamingo tinge', caused by hyperaemia Positive family history ``` AD/AR Mx (2)
Otosclerosis Replacement of normal bone by vascular spongy bone AD FH 1. Hearing aid 2. Stapedectomy
48
Age-related sensorineural hearing loss. Pts may describe difficulty following conversations Audiometry shows bilateral high-frequency hearing loss = which condition?
Presbycusis
49
Workers in heavy industry are particularly at risk | Hearing loss is bilateral and typically is worse at frequencies of 3000-6000 Hz =
Noise damage
50
Acoutstic neuromas affect which three CNs? | Which condition are bilateral acoustic neuromas seen in?
CN VIII: hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus CN V: absent corneal reflex CN VII: facial palsy Neurofibromatosis type 2
51
Non pulsatile tinnitus versus pulsatile tinnitus | What is the difference in investigation required
Pulsatile requires magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) as likely vascular cause Non pulsatile does not require imaging unless it is unilateral or there are other neurological or ontological signs
52
``` What is glue ear also known as? Age peak Presenting feature Conductive/ sensorineural Other features (3) ```
``` Also known as otitis media with effusion 2yo Conductive hearing loss Other features 1. Speech and language delay 2. Behavioural 3. Balance problems ```
53
Glue Ear Mx
1. Grommet insertion | 2. Adenoidectomy
54
What is geographic tongue? M/F more common? Features (2)
Benign condition More common in females Erythematous areas with a white-grey border (looks like outline of a map) Burning after eating food
55
Facial 'fullness' and tenderness | Nasal discharge, pyrexia or post-nasal drip leading to cough = which condition?
Sinusitis
56
Four causes of gingival hyperplasia (three are drugs)
1. AML 2. Phenytoin 3. Ciclosporin 4. CCB especially nifedipine
57
Hoarseness Causes (7) Ix to consider and why
1. voice overuse 2. smoking 3. viral illness 4. hypothyroidism 5. gastro-oesophageal reflux 6. laryngeal cancer 7. lung cancer CXR to rule out any apical lung pathology
58
Epistaxis Acute management if haemodynamically stable (2) What can be given and why after successful termination of epistaxis (1)
1. Sit torso forward, mouth open 2. Pinch soft part of nose for 20 minutes, mouth breathing If successful 3. Topical antiseptic such as naseptin/ mupirocin (to reduce crusting/ vestibulitis)
59
Epistaxis | When would admission/ follow up be needed?
If has any comorbidities e.g 1. HTN 2. CAD 3. <2yo as could have bleeding disorder
60
Epistaxis | Acute management if initial management if unsuccessful and ongoing bleeding after 10-15 minutes
1. Cautery - if source of bleed can be seen OR 2. Packing - if done in GP, send to hospital for review
61
Factors that increase risk of re-bleed - epistaxis (5)
1. Blowing or picking the nose 2. Heavy lifting 3. Exercise 4. Lying flat 5. Drinking alcohol or hot drinks
62
2ww to ENT for suspected laryngeal cancer criteria
>=45yo 1. Persistent unexplained hoarseness 2. Unexplained lump in the neck
63
2WW to oral surgery criteria (6)
1. Unexplained oral ulceration/ mass persisting >3 weeks 2. Unexplained painful/ swollen/ bleeding red/white patches 3. Unexplained one-sided pain in head/ neck >4 weeks, associated with ear ache and normal otoscopy 4. Unexplained recent neck lump, or prev undiagnosed lump that has changed over 3-6 weeks 5. Unexplained persistent sore or painful throat 6. Signs in the mouth >6 weeks that are not benign
64
2WW for oral cancer review by a dentist
1. a lump on the lip or in the oral cavity | 2. a red or red and white patch in the oral cavity consistent with erythroplakia or erythroleukoplakia.
65
What is hairy leukoplakia? Common in which patient group? Caused by?
White patch on side of tongue with hairy appearance Common in immunocompromised Caused by EBV
66
Nasal polyps M/F Associated conditions (6)
2-4 times more common in men Not commonly seen in children or elderly Associations 1. Asthma (particularly late-onset asthma) 2. Aspirin sensitivity 3. Infective sinusitis 4. CF 5. Kartagener's syndrome 6. Churg-Strauss syndrome
67
What is Samter's triad?
Association of asthma, aspirin sensitivity and nasal polyposis
68
Nasal polyps Features (4) Mx (2)
Nasal obstruction Rhinorrhoea Sneezing Poor sense of taste and smell Mx 1. ENT referral 2. Topical corticosteroids (shrink polyp size)
69
``` Nasal septal haematoma Caused by? Features (3) O/E: How can you differentiate between a nasal haematoma versus deviated septum? ```
1. Relatively minor trauma Features 1. Sensation of nasal obstruction 2. Pain 3. Rhinorrhoea O/E: bilateral, red swelling arising from nasal septum Nasal haematoma = boggy Deviated septums = firm
70
Nasal septal haematoma Mx (2) What can happen if left untreated?
Management 1. surgical drainage 2. intravenous antibiotics Irreversible septal necrosis may develop within 3-4 days Can result in a 'saddle-nose' deformity
71
Name the condition Rubbery, painless lymphadenopathy Pain whilst drinking alcohol (rare) Night sweats and splenomegaly
Lymphoma
72
Name the condition More common in patients < 20 years old Usually midline, between the isthmus of the thyroid and the hyoid bone Moves upwards with protrusion of the tongue May be painful if infected
Thyroglossal cyst
73
Name the condition More common in older men Represents a posteromedial herniation between thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus muscles Usually not seen but if large then a midline lump in the neck that gurgles on palpation Typical symptoms are dysphagia, regurgitation, aspiration and chronic cough
Pharyngeal pouch
74
Pulsatile lateral neck mass which doesn't move on swallowing
Carotid aneurysm
75
An oval, mobile cystic mass that develops between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the pharynx Develop due to failure of obliteration of the second branchial cleft in embryonic development Usually present in early adulthood
Branchial cyst
76
A congenital lymphatic lesion (lymphangioma) typically found in the neck, classically on the left side Most are evident at birth, around 90% present before 2 years of age Transilluminable
Cystic hygroma
77
Parotid gland causes Bilateral (5) Unilateral (3)
Bilateral causes 1. viruses: mumps 2. sarcoidosis 3. Sjogren's syndrome 4. lymphoma 5. alcoholic liver disease Unilateral causes 1. tumour: pleomorphic adenomas 2. stones 3. infection
78
Features parotid gland swelling (2)
1. Swelling and pain worse on eating or talking | 2. May be associated fever and a foul taste
79
Name three salivary glands Which is most common for a tumour? Which is most common for stones?
Parotid (tumour - most adenomas, malignant is rare) Submandibular (stones) Sublingual
80
``` Parotid tumours Most common type Age Features (1) Mx (1) Risk ```
Pleomorphic adenomas Middle aged Feature 1. slow growing, painless lump Mx 1. Superficial parotidectomy Risk = CN VII damage
81
``` Stones Most common in which gland? Features (1) Ix (2) Name of condition if it becomes infected? ```
Submandibular (80%) Features 1. Recurrent unilateral pain & swelling on eating Infected → Ludwig's angina Ix 1. Xray 2. Sialography Rx Surgical removal
82
What is Ludwig's angina?
Rare bacterial skin infection that occurs on the floor of the mouth, underneath tongue. Often occurs after a tooth abscess
83
What is sicca syndrome also known as?
Sicca syndrome AKA Sjogren's
84
Retracted ear drum =
Glue ear
MSRA
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