(a) Bhure Lal Committee
(b) Mashelkar Committee
(c) Madan Lal Committee xx
(d) Saumitra Chaudhary committee
The Supreme Court took cognizance of the extremely polluted air of Delhi and ordered in July 1998 that all diesel-powered buses, taxis and auto-rickshaws be converted into compressed natural gas (CNG) fuelled vehicles. The court, acting on the recommendation of the Bhure Lal Committee, gave the ruling that the conversion should be completed by March 31, 2001. It was in November 30, 2002, that all diesel buses were withdrawn from the NCR and replaced with those run on CNG. The first emission norms were introduced in India in 1991 for petrol and 1992 for diesel vehicles. These were followed by making the Catalytic converter mandatory for petrol vehicles and the introduction of unleaded petrol in the market. On 29 April 1999 the Supreme Court of India ruled that all vehicles in India have to meet Euro I or India 2000 norms by 1 June 1999.
The Indian government accepted the report submitted by the Mashelkar committee in 2002 which proposed a road map for the roll out of Euro based emission norms for India (The Mashelkar Committee was constituted on September 13, 2001, following the Prime Minister’s August 30, 2001, decision to recommend an Auto Fuel Policy for the four major cities and the rest of the country, to devise a road map for the implementation of the policy and recommend suitable automobile fuels and technologies. The panel has recommended an auto fuel policy which targets vehicular emission standards rather than fuel type. The report categorically suggests that mandating single fuel is neither a technically-sound nor scientifically- or strategically-wise option. It suggests that no single fuel be made mandatory and there should be a choice between gaseous and other liquid fuels for public transportation. Mashelkar Committee has rightly recommended an integrated fuel policy for India).
In 2014, Saumitra Chaudhary committee gave recommendations on Auto Fuel Vision Policy 2025 which has recommended implementation of BS-IV (2017), BS-V (2019) and BS-VI (2024) standards.
following are related to the global efforts to protect the Ozone
related to the global efforts to protect the Ozone
a) The Vienna Convention (1985)
b) Montreal Protocol (1987)
c) Copenhagen Amendment (1992
- CL-TRAP Concentration on long range trans boundary air pollutant –
- Helsinki protocol (1985) –
- Viena convention on ozone 1985–
- Monterial protocol (1987)–
- Kyoto protocol (1997-1998)–
- NO2 protocol (1991)
Name of convention– Purpose of convention
- CL-TRAP Concentration on long range trans boundary air pollutant –To restrict any kind of intentional pollution created by any neighbouring country
- Helsinki protocol (1985) –Reduction of sulphur emission
- Viena convention on ozone 1985– To prevent the quality of O3 layer in the atmosphere
- Monterial protocol (1987)– To restrict the use of O3 depleting substances
- Kyoto protocol (1997-1998)– To reduce the amount of CO2 for global warming mitigation
- NO2 protocol (1991) To reduce NO2 content in the air and to mitigate any chance of transboundary movement of NOx.
water coservation national programmes
- Water prevention and control of pollution Act 1974
- PM Krishi Sinchai Yojna 2015
- 24 × 7 monitoring of industrial release
- Namami Gange Scheme
- Ganga Gram Yojna
- Jal Kranti Abhiyan
- Use of bio toilets by Indian railways
international conventions on water
- International Initiatives :
(a) Ramasar convention : Wetlands conservation
(b) Minimata convention : Restrict release of mercury in water
(c) Marpol convention : Restrict discharge from ships
(d) London convention : Restrict dumping of waste directly into the sea.
(e) UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on Law of Sea, 1982) : Defines water boundaries of a country.
Nationalinitiativesagainstclimatechange:
NATCOM
Nationalinitiativesagainstclimatechange:
NATCOM: ItisanetworkinitiatedbygovernmentofIndiatoinitiatedmitigationstronglyagainstclimate change it is established as according to united Nation,
development programme under global environmentfacilityestablishedbyworldbank.
ObjectiveofNATCOM: (1) TodriveinstronglyforreductionofGHGemissioninitateprogrammerelatedtosustainable development technological improvements for a better energy generation as well as communication
NCDMA
NCDMA:NationalcleandevelopmentmanagementauthorityNCDMA: ItwasestablishbygovernmentofIndiain2003asalocalauthorityunderUNFCCexecutiveboardto monitortheapproachestowardscleanmechanismandapurityorganictosignifythecertified emissionreductionunit.
NAPCC(Nationalactionplanforclimatechange):2007–2008
PMAPCC(Primeministeractionplanforclimatechange) NAPCC
— NationalgreenIndiamission — Nationalwatermission — Nationalmissionforentrancedenergyefficiency — Nationalmissionforsustainableagriculture — NationalmissionforsustainableHabitat — Nationalsolarmission — NationalmissionforsustainableHimalayanecosystem — Nationalmissionforanetworkonclimatechange – NationalgreenIndiamission
International Conventions to Mitigate Climate Change
(a) Stockholm convention (1972) or United Nations convention on human and environment (UNCHE)
(i) It was a convention on human and environment
(ii) It was reaction of Stockholm conventional
(iii) Mass destruction weapons is to be eliminated
(iv) Rights to be protected initiative or institute to be designed to fight increasing natural of environment
UNEP : United Nation Environment Programme. Came out of Stockholm convention. Following major conventions are formed under UNEP.
(i) Convention on trade of endangered species for wild flora and forma. (Washington 1973)
(ii) Convention on control of ozone depletion viena, 1985 (iii) Convention on control of use of ozone depileting substance montreal 1987.
(iv) Convention on conservation of migratory species birds, 1979
(v) Basel convention of control of trans boundary movement of hazardous waste material, 1989
IUCN full form
IUCN : International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
