Environmental

Question 1

What is a stressor

Answer 1

A stimulus that requires the individual to adapt it’s behaviour unordered to cope with it

Question 2

black and black Method (aircraft)

Answer 2

• 1500 addresses received questionnaires
• 1st area aircraft noise of 70 decibels, 2nd area no aircraft
• excludes apartments and commercial buildings
• questionnaire had questions on health, hypertension, annoyance and extraneous factors

Question 3

black and black result (aircraft)

Answer 3

• Aircraft annoyance 6.27 ▶️ long term exposure associated with chronic stress and health significantly worse
• control group annoyance 1.03

Question 4

Glass and Singer (noise stress)

Answer 4

-Reasons why noise is stressful
-conditions: 56 or 108 decibels, 9sec bursts or irregular bursts, perceived control (told can’t stop noise)
-during music given spelling and grammar test (performance test) and then trace over without lifting pen (frustration test)
Greatest effect - noise being unpredictable and no control overs it

Question 5

Lundbergs (train)

Answer 5

• group one got on train first (low density group)
• Group two got on half way (high density group)
• 72 min train
• only males, their urine collected to test for adrenaline
• first group had lower adrenaline levels as they had got to choose their seat so had some control over situation
• the more crowded the more adrenaline

Question 6

Ellis (RET)

Answer 6

• Rational emotive therapy
• Assumption that if people are overly stressed they don’t think rationally
• 5 stages
• A (activating experience) eg feeling hot
• B (irrational thinking) eg can’t cope with heat
• C (consequences) eg act moody and irrational
• D (disputing) eg not awful, can deal
• E (effects) eg new set of rational beliefs

Question 7

What is phase delay and phase advance

Answer 7

Delay = go to bed later 
Advance = go to bed earlier

Question 8

Czeislers (shift rotation)

Answer 8

To see is rotating shift work schedules that disrupt sleep are improved by applying circadian principles

Question 9

Czeislers sample (shift rotation)

Answer 9

153 males split into two groups
Fixed shift aged 19 to 56 (68 males)
Rotating 21 days aged 19 to 68 (52 males)
Rotating 7 days aged 19 to 68 (33 males)

Question 10

Czeisler method (shift rotation)

Answer 10

• 84% complain took 4 days to adjust sleep pattern, rotating shift insomnia
• All workers on rotating shifts were moved to a phase delay
• After 3 months they were given questionnaire on personal preferences
• after 9months personnel turnover and plant productivity analysed

Question 11

Czeisler results

Answer 11

—Workers significantly preferred phase delay schedule

• Complaints from 21 day rotations dropped to 20%
• 21 day rotation more satisfied than those on 7day rotation
• After 21 phase delay potash harvesting and production had significant increase

Question 12

siffre (cave)

Answer 12

• Man lived in cave for 2 months
• Completely dark except for light bulb/torch
• Only contacted outside world when we woke up, ate and went to sleep
• temp below freezing and humidity 98%
• body clock moved from 24hrs to 24hrs 30min
• internal body clock is independent outside of day and night

Question 13

preckels (owl and lark)

Answer 13

• 272 students from 5 schools in Germany
• Cognitive test and chronotype questionnaire
• 132 parents completed questionnaires on their child’s chronotype
• Being an owl significantly lower grade point average for maths science language
• extraneous variables accounted for

Question 14

peter trips

Answer 14

• Raise money
• 201 hours awake (8days)
• became abusive 3days in
• hallucinations of spiders in his shoes after 5 days (when he should have been dreaming)
• body temp decreased continuously throughout experiment
• slept for 24hrs after and declared he was fine
• wife left him as he was depressed and moody
• personality change-took money, all marriages failed

Question 15

over come jet lag or shift work

Answer 15

Power naps-3am 6am night shift workers get drowsy, power naps reenergise workers, reduces fatigue, 10/13 nurses reported improved energy mood and vigilance, 20 to 40 mins

Melatonin pills-help sleep in day to realign circadian rhythms

Question 16

lord sample (recycling)

Answer 16

140 households
20 per conditions
Quota sampling
Slight bias towards upmarket households/neighbourhoods

Question 17

lord method (recycling)

Answer 17

Stage 1- covert observation of recycling habits
Stage 2- 7 groups of 20, given advert, news article, personal message, control group. There was a positive and negative message for each
Stage 3- covert observation
Stage 4- questionnaire on attitudes towards recycling

Question 18

Lord results (recycling)

Answer 18

Significant increase in recycling
Positive posters work best
Negative letters work best

Question 19

Yale model of persuasion

Answer 19

• Used to change attitudes, 4 major factors involved in persuasive communication
• the source (mor credible)
• message (more educated audience get two sided argument)
• 3 recipient (strong smaller attitudes changes)
• situation (most effective when informal in groups)

Question 20

operant conditioning

Answer 20

Reinforcement +ve (addition of stimulus to encourage)
-ve (removal of stimulus to encourage)

Punishment +ve addition of stimulus to discourage
-ve removal of stimulus to discourage

Question 21

social learning theory

Answer 21

Imitation-learned behaviour by copying behaviour of role models

Observation-learning behaviour by watching the behaviour of role models

Question 22

luyben and bailey (newspapers)

Answer 22

• Proximity is relevant as an antecedent strategy
• Study carried out in 4 mobile home parks
• Simply increasing number of newspaper recycling facilities available
• Led to 52% increase in recycling newspapers

Question 23

cialdini (reuse towels)

Answer 23

Large hotel tried to encourage reuse of towels
5messages -help hotel save energy
-help save environment
-partner with us to save environment
-help save resources for future generations
-join fellow citizens in savaging environment

Question 24

cialdini results

Answer 24

• Last message which is the social norm was the most successful message
• results consistent with social psychological theory
• people follow other people

Question 25

data on a CVS display

Answer 25

Numerical data eg HR blood pressure oxygen saturation Graphical trends eg graph showing each of above Variability eg last hour, current state and normal levels

Question 26

drews and doig sample (CVS)

Answer 26

42 nurses, 21 in each condition Condition 1 - old display Condition 2 - new display

Question 27

Drew’s and doig method (CVS)

Answer 27

Each participant given 4 scenarios , had to verbally evaluate patients status and interpret display in order to recommend interventions 4 patients-early sepsis, septic shock, pulmonary embolus, stable

Question 28

Drew’s and doig results

Answer 28

- Participants with cvs display identified patients state 48% quicker - Accuracy improved by a 3rd or more when using cvs in relative to septic shock - lower mental demands in cvs display

Question 29

brown and poultons (driving attention)

Answer 29

Two conditions - Drive in residential (few inputs) - Drive in car park (larger inputs) - played tape of numbers had to identify difference between sequences - more errors made in car park condition - give more attention to primary task so less mental capacity for secondary task so underwent cognitive overload

Question 30

Miller (memory)

Answer 30

Limits to people’s short term memory | Should chunk information into 7 chunks that mean something

Question 31

Hawthorne studies (light levels)

Answer 31

- Investigation into impact of physical environment on productivity levels - 3 groups, dim light, bright light, constant - productivity increased in all groups due to the participants knowing they were being watched

Question 32

Stone (coloured rooms)

Answer 32

- examine how ability to study is affected by setting and colour of room. - 144 students randomly assigned to one of 12 conditions, given either maths or reading test and questionnaire to measure mood/satisfaction/motivation - open plan room that was blue = +ve mood, red room = -ve mood - more satisfied with performance blue open plan and white private - reading task best in white room irrespective of setting

Question 33

Ulrich sample (bedroom view)

Answer 33

46 patients in Pennsylvania hospital Aged 20 to 69 and none had serious post op complications 23 pairs of patients matched, 15 female 8 male

Question 34

Ulrich method (bedroom view)

Answer 34

Patients had cholecystectomy Nurse had to get data on: Length of hospitalisation Number and strength of analgenetic each day Number and strength of doses for anxiety each day Minor complications requiring medication Nurse notes eg good spirits or upset/crying

Question 35

ulrich results (bedroom view)

Answer 35

View of trees spent less time in hospital (7.96 days compared to 8.7 days) View of trees had fewer moderate/strong analgenetics Significantly more negative comments in brick view patients

Question 36

Cohen (noise and education)

Answer 36

54 children in a 32 floor apartment building in New York Same school =same education IV higher up block less noise DV auditory discrimination and reading tests Significant correlation the higher up the block the better the reading results

Question 37

white (green spaces)

Answer 37

Longitudinal study Showed if surrounded by green areas led to less mental distress, more satisfaction (after extraneous variables controlled) Happiness is equivalent to 1/3 of happiness of marriage Green spaces have a restorative impact on people

Question 38

armitage (cul de sacs)

Answer 38

Road layout in cul de sacs More crime in cul de sacs due to hidden long narrow footpaths Sinuous true cul de sacs has less crime no “leaky” footpaths Footpaths used if wide, are overlooked, short and direct

Question 39

Newman and Pruitt Igoe (failed flats)

Answer 39

43 buildings built Lifted off ground to allow green tree river Every 3rd level had communal area and laundry Narrow corridors to discourage gatherings in semi private places Failed due to design Landings shared by two families more well kept than landings shared by many Defensible space-areas subdivided and assigned to people more likely to be looked after

Question 40

Kendrick and McFarlane (car traffic light)

Answer 40

Covert observation - confederate in car doesn’t move when light is green (12 seconds) - participants 39 male, 36 female age range 16-65 - temperature ranged from 31 to 46 degree - heat increases interpersonal hospitality - results: at 38 degrees participants spent over 6 seconds on horn, below 32 degrees none hit their horn

Question 41

key research Wells (personalisation of workplace)

Answer 41

- 20 office workers volunteered from California - 2 manufacturing and 2 real estate company’s - 661 surveys sent out, 338 sent back - follow up case study 23 employees - surveys sent out had 7 sections-work space personalisation/satisfaction/well being/personality traits/job environment/personal demographics/organisational well being - case study tape recorded structural interviews open questions and photos taken of work space - results: women had 11 items, men had 7 items, women had photos or symbols of friends family, men had achievements express status - sig association with satisfaction and well being due to personalisation - company with more lenient personalisation more social greater morale lower staff turnover

Question 42

Hall (zones of personal space)

Answer 42

Zones of personal space Intimate-making love Casual-close friends Social-impersonal/business like contacts Public-formal contact between individual and public -observation of white middle class Americans -zone used depends on factors such as nature of relationship and activity engaged in

Question 43

Sommer and Ross (seating arrangements)

Answer 43

Seating arrangements - if sat alone and someone sits next to you find hard to talk to them especially if female - Canadian hospital ward which has depressing effect on patients - chairs in linear row-no social contact - chairs in circle- interaction between patients - sociofugal spacing separates people - sociopetal spacing makes people more interactive

Question 44

Middlemist (urinal proximity)

Answer 44

American uni Urinals Confederate stood directly next to someone, one urinal away or absent Observer in stall observed with periscope embedded in stack of books and stopwatch Micturition delay and duration (time zip down to urination, time between onset and completion) -closer distance increase in micturition delay and decrease in micturition duration -supports arousal model of personal space invasions, close interpersonal distances are inter personally stressful increasing discomfort

Question 45

Smith (beach territory)

Answer 45

Cultural differences in people marking territory - west Germany, France, America - short interviews with groups on a beach, info on nationality, group size time on beach - measure width and depth of space used - germans took up more space - males more space regardless of nationality - germans said “a mans home is his castle” point to sand castle - French didn’t understand territory now matter how much explanation