1
Q
What factors should be considered when conducting IED searches?
A
IR-CAGE
IR
|
C - Choke Points/Channelling
A - Aiming Markers
G - Ground Disturbance
E - Environmental
2
Q
What factors should be considered when searching for enemy forces?
A
CLEWS
C - Cover
L - Line of Sight
E - Escape Routes
W - Weapons
S - Spotters
3
Q
Name & draw the 2 search patterns.
A
RASTER Search
Rolling Box
4
Q
What is the basic search work cycle?
A
GODBEE
G - Get information
O - Orientate
D - Discuss
B - Brief
E - Execute
E - Evaluate
5
Q
What is the strategic level of intelligence?
A
Informs the formation of policy, planning and provision of Indications and Warnings (I&W) at the national and/or international levels.
6
Q
Draw the intelligence cycle
A
7
Q
Draw the ISR process
A
8
Q
What is the EM spectrum?
A
The range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends.
8
Q
When are the 7 principle elements of the EO/IR system?
A
Gimble
Turret
MCU - Master Control Unit
Controls
Display
Recorders
Downlink
9
Q
Draw & label a turret pod
A
10
Q
What are the 6 pillars of targeting?
A
CPPRTB
CDE - Collateral Damage Estimate
PID - Positive Identification
POL - Pattern of Life
ROE - Rules of Engagement
TEA - Target Engagement Authority
BDA - Battle Damage Assessment
11
Q
What factors effect emissivity?
A
Temperature
Chemical makeup
Angle
12
Q
What does the code word KILO indicate?
A
A child
12
Q
What does searching for POL compramise?
A
Routes
Routine activity
Times of worship
Market times
Bed times
Cooking times
Children’s activities
13
Q
What does the code word ECHO indicate?
A
A woman
14
Q
What does the code word BRAVO indicate?
A
A man
15
Q
What does the code word CHARLIE indicate?
A
A car
16
Q
What does the code word SLANT indicate?
A
References number of people or objects noted at
specified location (men/women/children). E.g. “SLANT 4/6/4.”
17
Q
List the platforms in the RAF that utilise EO/IR sensors
A
P8 Poseidon
Shadow R1
Reaper / Protector
F-35 (non-dedicated)
Typhoon (non-dedicated)
18
Q
What does LTM stand for?
A
Laser target marker
19
Q
What does LRD stand for?
A
Laser Range Designator
20
Q
What are the elements that comprise a turret pod?
A
IR - Infra-Red
LTM - Laser target marker
EOW - Electro-optical Wide
EON - Electro-optical Narrow
LRD - Laser Range Finder Designator
21
Q
What does GMTI stand for?
A
Ground Moving Target Indicator
22
Q
What does NDISR stand for?
A
Non-Dedicated ISR
23
What does MCU stand for?
Master Control Unit
24
What is the operational level of intelligence?
Informs the planning, execution and support of campaigns and operations within a theatre or JOA by a HQ
25
What is the tactical level of intelligence?
Informs the planning and execution of operations at the tactical level.
26
What comes under Orientate in the basic work cycle?
Identify key features
- Roads
- Rivers
- Tree lines
- Buildings
Relate to a map
Funnel navigation - Big to Small, use 9 keypads to progressively zoom in
Use a standard unit of measure
27
What comes under DISCUSS in the basic work cycle?
Essential Elements of Information (EEI)
Aircraft positioning
Camera requirements vs. Airspace restrictions
Counter detection
Weather
28
What comes under BREIF in the basic work cycle?
EEI considerations
Aircraft Positioning
Other Aircraft (Manned vs. Unmanned)
ROZs
Weather
29
What comes under EXECUTE in the basic work cycle?
Conduct your search
2 basic search techniques…
* Rolling Box
* RASTER Search (creeping line ahead)
30
What comes under EVALUATE in the basic work cycle?
How is it going?
Are the EEIs being met?
Could anything be done to make it better?
Got any new information?
Re-Orientate
Re-Discuss
Re-Brief
Re-Execute
Evaluate again!
31
What comes under COVER when searching for enemy forces?
Look for true lines, ditches, and built up areas.
Unlikely for enemy to be in the open
32
What comes under LOS when searching for enemy forces?
Enemy needs line of sight to attack friendlies. Prioritise search with areas that give cover and line of sight first, then consider other areas.
33
What comes under ESCAPE ROUTES when searching for enemy forces?
E.g. bridge across a river or blending in to rest of the village with the indigenous population.
Identify possible escape routes and think about looking at them later.
34
What comes under WEAPONS when searching for enemy forces?
Look for weapons that may have been disguised by wrapping rags or rugs around them.
35
What comes under SPOTTERS when searching for enemy forces?
Look for people potentially using comms devices.
Think where: Road junctions, behind buildings, up high.
36
What comes under IR when conducting IED searches?
IR may give evidence of earth disturbance
Enemy TTP’s- burning tyres etc.
37
What comes under AIMING MARKERS when conducting IED searches?
Piles of stone or dirt
Telephone Poles
Lines of stones
Wall edges
Culverts
38
What comes under CHOKE POINTS/CHANNELLING when conducting IED searches?
Look for areas where friendly forces may be forced to go and/or slow down
May be naturally occurring or deliberate
Deliberately placed obstacles
River Crossing points
Narrowing of roads
Bends in roads
Junctions
Bridges
39
What comes under GROUND DISTURBANCE when conducting IED searches?
Main Charge
Battery Pack
Command Wire
May be daisy chained
40
What comes under ENVIRONMENTAL when conducting IED searches?
Enemy TTPs
Known IED activity
Re-seeding previous IED sites
Arming/Disarming activity
Route avoidance by locals
41
What are the characteristics of a RASTER SEARCH and how it would it be used?
Search of large open areas or built-up areas
Useful for Lines of Communication (LOC) where a search of swaths of land either side are required
Can take a long time to conduct search
42
What are the characteristics of a ROLLING BOX and how it would it be used?
Search of a small area surrounding a point target
Designated point is placed at any corner of screen and should stay on the screen at all times
Gives better SA around a point target.
43
What infrastructure is used for an RPAS?
GDT - Ground Data Terminal
Aircraft
Satellite
GCS - Ground Control Station
Fibre Optics
FSST - Fixed Sate Satellite Terminal
44
Name the 4 dedicated ISR and 2 NDISR?
Reaper/Protector
Shadow
P8
F35
Typhoon
45
What 2 areas of the EM spectrum do we use
Visible Light
IR
46
What is thermal crossover?
The the period when the radiant temperature of a target and the background are virtually the same.
During this period, the target may blend in with its surroundings making it very difficult to spot.
Occurs at +/- 1 hour of sunrise and sunset.
47
Draw a diagram of a turret and label it.
48
What is the function of the turret in an EO/IR system?
Houses the sensors
49
What are the two main types of laser that can be fitted to an RPAS?
LTM - laser target marker
LRD - laser range designator
50
Which laser would you use to mark an HLS and how is it visible to friendlies?
LTM and they can view this via NVG
51
What is PED and what is it used for?
Process Exploit Disseminate - Offboard analysis and feedback into the intelligence cycle.
52
Give 6 land roles an EO/IR platform can be utilised for?
Convoy Support/Route recce
Counter IED (CIED)
Helicopter Landing Site recce (HLS)
Raid Support
Joint Personnel Recovery (JPR)
Target Illumination/Close Air Support (CAS)
53
Where can you retrieve new information from GODBEE?
ATO/RSTA
J2
8-Line
JTAC AO Update
Aircraft handover
54
Draw a search pattern
55
What is CLEWS and what is it used for?
We use the mnemonic CLEWS to think like the enemy in order to find the enemy.
Cover
Line of sight
Escape routes
Weapons
Spotters
56
What is IRCAGE and what is it used for?
We use the mnemonic IRCAGE to search for IEDs.
Infra-Red
Choke-points/Channelling
Aiming markers
Ground disturbance
Environment
57
What are the pillars of targeting?
CDE - Collateral Damage Estimate
PID - Positive ID
POL - Pattern of Life
ROE - Rules of Engagement
TEA - Target Engagement Authority
BDA - Battle Damage Assessment
58
What is NDISR?
Non-dedicated ISR
59
How can ground forces view a LTM from an EO/IR platofrm?
NVG
60
What are the azimuth and elevation limitations on the gimbal and why?
360º in azimuth
Limited in elevation - Camera housing at top and NADIR at bottom
Snow plough - When the camera gimbals get stuck in a downward position and the camera is ‘dragged’ by the a/c across the ground
61
What is scrim and what is it used for?
Used to describe a vehicle
Size
Colour
Reg
Identifying features
Make/model
62
What is A-H and what is it used for?
Used to describe a person
Age
Build
Clothing
Distinguishing features
Elevation
Face
Gait
Hair
Sex
63
What does HANDSHAKE mean?
a video link is established. Opposite of Hollow.
64
What does SHALLOW/FOLLOW/PADLOCK mean?
following the indicated target
65
What does TALLY mean?
sighting of tgt, enemy
66
What does NO JOY mean?
no visual contact with target, bandit
67
What does an ALPHA mean?
A building of interest
68
What are three levels of intelligence?
Strategic
Operational
Tactical
69
What are the environmental factors that affect EO or IR performance?
Sun
Visibility
Precipitation
Clouds
Fog
70
How does sun affect EO performance?
During sunrise/sunset, the low light levels can cause shadowing.
The camera may be 'blinded' by the sun, therefore a/c orbit needs to be taken into consideration.
71
How does visibility affect EO performance?
Sand and dust particles cause the light to scatter, reducing the ability for the EO camera to see through.
72
How does precipitation affect EO performance?
Much in the same way as sand and dust, precipitation causes the light to scatter.
73
How does cloud affect EO performance?
Thick clouds will completely obscure the picture where as thin wispy clouds may be able to be seen through but may degrade the picture.
Clouds may also cause shadows on the ground making it more difficult to see a target.
74
How does Fog affect EO performance?
An EO camera is unable to see through fog due to the dense particles.
75
How does sun affect IR performance?
Pointing an IR camera directly at the sun may ruin it and render it u/s.
As the sun heats an object it may change how it appears.
The sun can also cause thermal scarring to the ground, making it appear that an object is still there, even once it has departed.
76
How does visibility affect IR performance?
Sand and dust particles cause the light to scatter, reducing the ability for the IR camera to see through.
77
How does precipitation affect IR performance?
Large droplets can absorb IR energy and heavy rain causes significant attenuation.
But
As rain cools the background, thermally significant objects will tend to stand out.
78
How does cloud affect IR performance?
Thick clouds will completely obscure the picture where as thin wispy clouds may be able to be seen through but may degrade the picture.
Clouds may also cause shadows on the ground making it more difficult to see a target.
79
How does fog affect IR performance?
Obscures an IR camera, however, 'hot spots' such as fires or an engine may be visible through the fog.
80
What is the relationship between emissivity and reflectivity?
If an object has an emissivity of 1, it has a reflectivity of 0.
81
What is a technical?
A pick-up track mounted with a gun.
82
When using a 9-line report, which elements are mandatory readbacks?
4.Target elevation
6.Target location
8.Location of friendlies
Any remarks
83
What information should be provided in an initial DESREP/POL?
Exit/entry points
Bldgs
Potential Uses
Pax
Vehicles
Terrain
Insignia/markings
84
Provide two examples terms of dress states when IDing people
Western
Traditional (Trad)
85
What technique is used to find the location we are looking for?
Work from big to small
86
What are the 2 main IR bands used for IR sensors?
3-5 microns (mid IR)
8-14 microns (far IR)
87
What may aid an operator when experiencing thermal crossover?
Changing the polarity of your IR camera to ‘black hot’ or 'white hot’ option.
This may draw your eye to something you couldn’t see.
88
Who can conduct a PID and what must happen if you lose sight?
Only a trained individual.
As soon as you lose sight, PID needs to be regained by a trained individual.
89
What is the function of the gimbal in an EO/IR system?
Steering, stabilisation, pointing of the turret
90
What is the function of the Master Control Unit (MCU) in an EO/IR system?
Controls, manipulates and processes the data from the sensor payload
The interface with all the other components.
91
What is the function of the controls in an EO/IR system?
Control the camera (operator control unit, joystick and hand control unit)
92
What is the function of the displays in an EO/IR system?
To display the camera feed for the operator and/or other crew members.
Inc master monitor and repeater screens.
93
What is the function of the recorders in an EO/IR system?
To record specific screens and overlays for Post flight Analysis
94
What is the function of the downlink in an EO/IR system?
To provide an encrypted picture to:
CAOC/Tasking Authority
Ground Commander
SU on the ground
95
What does DMTI stand for?
Dismount Moving Target Indicator
96
What is a squirter?
An individual who survives a strike/raid and flees the scene
97
What does EOTS stand for?
Electro-optical targeting system
98
What does DRI stand for?
Detection
Recognition
Identification
99
What are the characteristics of ROE
It can be restrictive or enabling
100
What is the minimum temperature for which EMR must exist?
Absolute 0
101
What is emissivity?
A measure of how emissive an object is. It is inversely proportional to heat. If emissivity is 1, reflectivity is 0
102
What are the criteria for CIED?
Covert
Persistent
Used POL
Operate in peak activity times
103
What is the Desiccant Assembly and what indicators does it provide?
Humidity Indicator. Blue is good, red is bad
104
What is the phenomenon in which the contrast of a target and its background is reduced to to being similar temperatures? How is this resolved?
Changing the polarity of the of the IR camera. E.g using white hot or black hot. Use of SWIR to increase polarity.
ISR Fdn 25-2
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