Describe, using diagrams if you wish, the heart of a lungfish and the pathway of
blood flow between the heart, gills, and lung/s.
TBC
Describe the structure and function of osteoderms
Osteoderms are dermal bone plates that develop within the dermis and provide additional support to epidermis
Found in croc, testudines and some liz
Describe the structure and function of air sacs
Air sacs are blind ending, thin walled extensions of bronchi, has poor vascular walls
Function- plays a role in respiration (inspiration and expiration)
Using a table, compare and contrast the scales of Chondrichthyes and Teleosts.
Chondritchthyes have Placoid scales
Osteochthyes have Teleost scales
Teleost scales
Rabbits and rodents are hind-gut fermenters and therefore use microbial aid for fermentation of food matter. Antibiotics will kill gut bacteria in the caecum which prevents the fermentation of food and thus cause gut dysbiosis and death.
Guinea pigs and rodents also can’t vomit
There are 4 ways ectotherms can thermoregulate:
1. changing Metabolism - they must eat enough food to maintain metabolic rate (increased temp => increased metabolic rate)
2. movement - move towards or away from shade depending on how hot/cold they feel
3. postural adjustments - can climb fences or trees to maintain an PBT
4. physiological responses - such as opening mouth and using tongue for evaporative cooling when too hot
As vets/owners we must expct a low metabolic rate and variable body temp based on several factors such as species, age, repro status etc. Husbandry - having a temperature gradient to allow reptile to find their PBT
Small body size means they have a large surface area to body weigh ratio (lots of skin), lose a lot of heat easily and therefore need a high metabolic rate (metabolic energy) to maintain body temperature. Therefore they need a constant supply of food, water, oxygen and fiber helps supply this energy.
Dietary fiber - promotes healthy gut function and motility - prevents gut stasis.
UVB is the type of UV light that helps Bones.
UVB allows the conversion of Vit into its active form VitD3 which allows absorption of dietary calcium in the small intestine.
Animals in glass/plastic enclosures only receive light and radiation, they do not receive UVA, UVB, or UVC. Therefore they can develop deficiencies. In a captive environment, it is required for reptiles to either receive 3-5 hours of direct sunlight a week or leave them in a wire cage that has access to sunlight.
no UVB -> no VitD3 therefore reptile is in hypocalcaemia.
Supplementary ca2+ doesn’t help as it can’t be absorbed without VitD3
Artificial source - needs to be tested and may only last a short-period of time. - can’t tell if it works unless signs of hypocalcaemia occur or uv meter used
In hot weather, most birds will:
Select one alternative:
a. Hold their feathers tightly against the skin to expose the apterylae, allowing evaporative heat loss
b. Raise their metabolic rate to allow more evaporative heat loss
c. Preen themselves with oil from the uropygial gland to reflect heat
d. Fluff their feathers to trap cool air against the skin
A. evaporative heat loss
Can also use exposing trachea for this.
The role of the avian crop in digestion is to
Select one alternative:
a. Enable the bird to eat more food than other birds competing for the same food
b. Pre-digest the food with hydrochloric acid and pepsin
c. Act as a storage space to allow the bird to eat a large amount quickly, and then return to a tree or bush to evade predators
d. Selectively allow small particles of food to pass through to the proventriculus, leaving the larger particles to be regurgitated every few days
C
An apparently healthy snake that is losing weight (despite eating) after been placed in a new enclosure is most likely?
Select one alternative:
a. The new enclosure is too hot, and the snake is decreasing its metabolic rate to keep cool
b. Although eating, it is not eating enough to allow for its growth in a new enclosure
c. The new enclosure is too cold, and the snake is increasing its metabolic rate to keep warm
d. Using excessive energy exploring and trying to escape its new enclosure
C
Why do nocturnal snakes have smaller eyes than diurnal snakes? MCQ
b. Nocturnal snakes can use scent and heat detection to find their prey – not just vision alone-
Mice have a very short lifespan (2-3 years) compared to other small mammals (4-12 years). Briefly explain this brief life expectancy from a physiological perspective.
Small body size means they have a large surface area to body weigh ratio (lots of skin), lose a lot of heat easily and therefore need a high metabolic rate (metabolic energy) to maintain body temperature. Therefore they need a constant supply of food, water, oxygen and fiber helps supply this energy.
A high metabolic rate usually means a shorter life expectancy. Mice are much smaller compared to rats, guinea pigs, rabbits and ferrets.
When sick, birds can conserve body heat by:
a. Fluffing their feathers
b. Shunting blood towards the peripheral circulation to maximise heat absorption
c. Increasing their activity levels
d. Increasing their metabolic rate and food intake
A
Do avian kidneys produce concentrated urine or dilute urine, and why?
Less concentrated urine than mammals - but still hypertonic relative to plasma
Birds do not produce concentrated urine due to the need for water to transport the more viscous uric acid through renal tubules.
List two (2) differences between the digestive tract of a guinea pig and a rat. (1 mark)
Guinea pig = herbivore; has a comparatively larger caecum (have a greater reliance on hind-gut fermentation to extract nutrients from fibrous diet), need dietary vitamin C as they can not produce it, GI motility is comparatively slower \
Rat = omnivore, hence it has a comparatively smaller caecum, and is also capable of synthesising own vitamin C so it does not require dietary vitamin C, GI motility is comparatively faster
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Fish Anatomy D73
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Reptile Anatomy D64
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Fish prac D15
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Bird Prac D18
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Birb 1 D59
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Bird 2 D43
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Bird 3,4 D52
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Reptile prac D11
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Reptile and mam Phys D46
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EOS17
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Radiology Lec and Prac D107
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1. Renal Prac3
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Renal Phys 1,2 D32
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Endo anatomy 1 D38
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Renal anatomy 330
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Endocrine phys D 1 + 248
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Renal anatomy 1, 2D62
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Comparative anatomy fish1
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Renal Phys 39
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Endo 2 D34
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Endo Phys 31
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Thermo Qs2
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Renal and Endo Histo19
