Cancer epidemeology:
- what is the most common cancer globally?
- what are the other most common cancers globally?
- what are the most common cancers in the UK
- what are the most common cancers in men?
- what are the most common cancers in women?
- lung
- breast, bowel, stomach, prostate
- breast, prostate, lung, bowel, malignant melanoma
- prostate, lung, bowel, bladder, kidney
- breast, lung, bowel, uterus, malignant melanoma
where do the following cancers have clusters?
- cervical cancers
- stomach cancer
- colorectal cancer
- south america and subsaharan africa
- northeastern asia
- North America, australasia and europe
what are the most deadly cancers:
- worldwide
- in the UK
- lung, stomach, liver, colorectal, breast
2. lung, bowel, breast, prostate, pancreatic
- What is the age range of childhood cancers
2. How do they differ from adult cancers?
- <14 years
- differ clinically, histopthologically and genetically
comparatively responsive to treatment
Name 6 general causes of cancer
- infection
- radiation exposure
- lifestyle - smoking, obesity, die, alcohol
- occupational exposures
- hormones
- genetics
Describe the trend in childhood mortality
highest in infancy. dropping to very low in middle childhood, and rising again in adolescence
- What are the two major causes of infant mortality?
2. What risk factors for these causes?
- low birth weight and prematurity
2. maternal age, smoking, Socioeconomic disadvantage
- What causes of mortality predominate in infancy?
- What causes of mortality become more prominent in later childhood and adolescents?
- what is the most common cause of death in adolescents?
- perinatal and congenital causes
- acquired natural causes
- accidents
How can child health be improved (3)
- reduce risk of preterm birth and low birth weight, and promote maternal health
- implement policies to prevent common causes of death from accidents and injuries
- improve management of chronic diseases and mental health
- Name 4 non-modifiable risk factors for CHD
2. name modifiable risk factors for CHD
- age; male; fam Hx; deletion polymorphism in the ACE gene (high prevalence of this in bangladeshi heritage)
2. hyperlipidaemia smoking hypertension diabetes mellitus lack of exercise blood coagulation factors obesity drugs heavy alcohol consumption social deprivation
- Define risk
- what is risk difference?
- What is risk ratio?
- probability of an event in a given time period
- risk exposed - risk unexposed
- risk exposed / risk unexposed
What is a better measure of the impact of an exposure in a population?
Attributable risk
- Define population attributable risk
2. Name the two things that are important when determining population attributable risk
- the proportion of disease in the population that is attributable to a particular risk factor
- the strength of the relationship (risk ratio)
prevalence of the exposure
What is the prevention paradox?
a preventative measure that brings large benefits to the community offers little to each participating individual
Describe how the prevention paradox links to population attributable risk
majority of people affected by disease are in the moderately high risk group due to higher prevalence
to reduce prevalence of disease, we need to target people at lower risk because there is more of them.
name problems with targeting people at low risk (prevention paradox)
poor motivation
low benefit:risk ratio
