Epigenetics

Question 1

Variation in gene activity is controlled at the level of the genome and _

Answer 1

epigenome

Question 2

Genetic Variants _ gene activity and are _ and _ by offspring (ex. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)

Answer 2

predetermine, permenant, inherited

Question 3

Epigenetic Variants are established by _ during _, _ mechanism for _ change, may be _ and _ to change in _ variation in population

Answer 3

environment, mitosis, adaptive, phenotypic, inherited, contribute, phenotype

Question 4

Genetics affect _ input, _ perception, and stress _

Answer 4

sensory, stress, response

Question 5

Stress response is often _ & preferred for _ _

Answer 5

measured, genetic selection

Question 6

Measuring Genetic Stress Response of Blood is used because there is _ to _ heritability which indicates _ _ could be performed to increase livestock _ to different stressors

Answer 6

moderate, high, selective breeding, resilience

Question 7

Mechanisms of Epigenetics

Answer 7

1. methylation of cytosine molecules by DNA methyltransferase
2. Histone protein modification
3. RNA Based Mechanisms

Question 8

Methylation of cytosine molecules by DNA methyltransferases are associated with _ _

Answer 8

transcription silencing

Question 9

Histone protein modification, / of chromatin which affects accessibility to _ _ by /, _ susceptible to modification

Answer 9

Winding/Unwinding, Transcription Factors, allow/restrict, tail

Question 10

RNA based mechanism like non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) like _ binds to _ of mRNA and results in _

Answer 10

miRNA, UTR, mRNA degradation

Question 11

Zebra Finch Embryo responds to change in _ _ @ higher _ _, leads to change in _ status and _ preference

Answer 11

maternal song, ambient temperature, reproductive, thermal

Question 12

Cushing’s Disease

Answer 12

• Adrenal/pituitary tumor
• Too much ACTH USP8 Gene
• Too much GC
• ARMC5 tumor supressor gene = adrenal hyperplasia

Question 13

Addison’s Disease

Answer 13

• Auto immune
• Atrophy of adrenal gland
• Decrease in GCs
• Increase in ACTH & MSH

Question 14

When epigenome is mismatched with environment risk of disease

Answer 14

increases

Question 15

DOHaD Hypothesis

Answer 15

Maternal undernutrition contributes to low birth weight, and risk of obesity heart disease and diabetes (Thrifty Phenotype)