EPIGENITICS

Question 1

CONRAD WADDINGTON (an embryologist) defined _________ as a developmental phenomenon that allowed cells to take on different phenotypes (differentiate) without changes in the genetic structure.
- used to emphasize the reliance of the auxiliary system on the genetic information.

Answer 1

EPIGENETICS

Question 2

PHENOMENA INCLUDED IN EPIGENESIS

Answer 2

• HISTONE MODIFICATION
• NUCLEIC ACID METHYLATION
• NON-CODING RNA

Question 3

• affects the activity of chromatin-
  associated proteins and transcription factors that increase or decrease gene expression.

Answer 3

HISTONE MODIFICATION

Question 4

Different types of histone modifications:
- LOWERS THE POSITIVE CHARGE OF THE HISTONES, decreasing binding strength to the negatively charged DNA, thereby making the DNA more available for interaction with transcription factors and RNA polymerase (open chromatin).

Answer 4

ACETYLATION

Question 5

Different types of histone modifications:
- attracts enzymes that further methylate DNA, resulting in decreased gene expression

Answer 5

METHYLATION

Question 6

Different types of histone modifications:
- directly affect the histone–DNA interaction or recruit other modifying enzymes

Answer 6

Phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and other modifications

Question 7

• is the main mechanism of genomic imprinting
• occurs during gametogenesis and is different in male and female gametes.

Answer 7

DNA METHYLATION (NUCLEIC ACID METHYLATION)