1
Q
What is the difference between long-term energy provision and short-term energy provision?
A
Short term - Balancing supply and demand.
Long-term = economic development and the environment.
2
Q
What are the ways in which energy sustains a community?
A
- powers transport
- lights settlements
- communication
- drives manufacturing
- domestic use.
3
Q
How is energy consumption changing?
A
- All consumption is rising. however, proportionately, renewables has had the largest increase.
4
Q
What are the four aspects of energy security?
A
- Affordability
- Accessibility
- Dependency
- Reliability.
5
Q
What will happen to energy intensity as a country economically develops?
A
- It will decrease as the money spent on energy per GDP of $1,000 is less.
6
Q
What are energy mixes comprised of?
A
- renewables
- non-renewables
- recyclable energy
7
Q
What type of energy accounts for 80% of global energy use?
A
Fossil fuels
8
Q
What can occur if there is too much abroad dependency on energy supply?
A
- prices can hike
- Supplies can be cut off by military unrest.
9
Q
What factors affect per capita energy consumption?
A
- technology
- climate
- cost
- standard of living
- economic development.
- public perceptions.
10
Q
What is the fundamental factor concerning energy consumption?
A
- physical availability
- This affects political alignment and usage of energy.
- Even if there are domestic sources, how reliably and evenly are they spread?
11
Q
What can help or hinder the accessibility of energy?
A
- Technology. It can trap non-readily available energy. It can also access oil through drilling through rock.
12
Q
What is the other factor which determines energy consumption?
A
- cost
- higher cost mean less consumption.
13
Q
How do standard of living and energy consumption correlate?
A
- high standard of living will see higher energy costs as less threatening.
14
Q
Which country uses the most energy in the world per capita?
A
- Canada uses 11 kW of energy per capita.
15
Q
What is an outlier concerning energy use and GDP?
A
- Japan has the highest GDP per capita with $38,000 USD.
- However, it only uses 5.9kW of energy per capita.
16
Q
How does climate impact energy usage?
A
- places such as North America, Canada, the Middle East, and Australia have high domestic energy usage which is needed to make heat and cold more comfortable.
- Africa doesn’t have as much heat control. However, this is a measure of development over usage.
17
Q
Who is responsible for energy pathways at the supply end?
A
- TNC’s
- OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
- National governments
18
Q
Who are the players responsible in energy pathways at the demand end?
A
- Consumers
- Energy companies
- Governments
- TNC’s.
19
Q
What are TNC’s role in supplying energy?
A
- Many of them are involved in the exploration, extraction, and refining of these fuels.
- Many are state-owned and therefore not actually TNC’s.
20
Q
What are OPEC’s role in supplying energy?
A
- 13 member countries.
- Have been accused of holding back production in order to raise demand and keep prices up.
21
Q
What are governments role in supplying energy?
A
guardians of national energy security, and can influence the sourcing of energy for geopolitical reasons.
22
Q
CASE STUDY: US Energy Mix:
A
- France only has 1/10 of the US’s consumption.
- This is explained by population difference. 331 million with 63 million.
- Carbon contributed to 82% of the energy production in the USA. 11% comes from renewables.
- US only imports 14%
23
Q
Who were the largest energy companies in 2019?
A
- Sinopec - $432 billion in revenue
- Royal Dutch shell = $382 billion
24
Q
What change in energy use occurred in the twentieth century?
A
Oil overtook coal as the primary major carbon fuel.
25
What were the three largest consumers of fossil fuels in the world?
- China - 4.5 billion tonnes
- USA - 2.0 billion tonnes
- India - 1.25 billion tonnes
26
What is the mismatch between coal supply and demand?
- China is the largest producer of coal.
- they are producing more despite there being decreasing demand.
- by 2014, China's production of coal has dominated 44% of the world's production.
- Coal has relatively low energy density, and is expensive to transport, which is why it is consumed by major producers.
27
What is the mismatch between oil supply and demand?
- Over half of global oil comes from North America and OPEC.
Oil is not being produced in Europe, where it is needed. This is a mismatch.
- It has demand as a transport fuel. It has no substitute unlike electricity. Therefore, it is in high demand.
28
What is the mismatch between gas supply and demand?
- Gas production has a global but uneven spread.
- Dominated by the USA and Russia.
- Thy USA and Russia also are the largest consumers in the world of gas.
- USA consuming 21% and producing 23%.
- Russia producing 17% and consuming 11%.
29
What are the energy pathways of coal in the world?
Australia, and Indonesia export much of their coal to
China and India. They are the largest exporters with over 100 Mt of coal transferred annually.
30
What are the energy pathways of oil in the world?
- Middle East is the number one producer.
- There is only one pathway out of Russia, and this is to Europe. Although, China has bought a lot of Russian oil which has been transferred by the Baltic ports.
31
What are the energy pathways of gas in the world?
Gas is either converted into liquid, and taken by ships. Or, it is moved directly by pipeline.
32
CASE STUDY: Russian Gas to Europe
In recent years, exports of natural gas to Europe have increased by 40%.
Ukraine used to have slight power over this export, as three of its pipelines crossed Ukraine's borders. Ukraine could have hiked the price of transport. This has changed due to Russia's unilateral invasion. North Stream Pipeline has been terrorised.
33
What are the four types of unconventional fossil fuel?
Tar Sands
Shale gas
oil shale
deepwater oil.
34
What is the nature of tar sands and what is its extraction?
a mixture of clay, sand and butemin (A viscous oil)
Tar sands have been mined and then injected with gas to make them less viscous.
35
What is the nature of shale gas, and how is it extracted?
Fine-grained sediment gas which has been trapped.
Extracted through fracking.
36
What is the nature of oil shale and how is it extracted?
oil-bearing rocks are permeable enough to have oil pumped out directly.
Extracted through mining or fragment ignition.
37
What is the nature of deepsea water and how is it extracted?
oil and gas that is found offshore at considerable depths.
Drilling takes place in the Golf of Mexico in oil rigs.
38
CASE STUDY: Tar sands in Canada
1967, Alberta was the begining of exploitation in Canada.
Produce 40% of Canada's oil output.
strip mining relies on large clearance of taiga areas.
39
CASE STUDY: US shale gas
by 2015, 25% of the US' gas supply was shale gas. Has globally impacted oil prices and has increased US oil security due to higher fracking.
'Fraccidents' are blamed for mysterious animal deaths and industrial explosions.
40
CASE STUDY: Brazillian deepwater oil.
- In 2006, there was a large oil deposit found off the coast of Brazil. This was beneficial to the emerging economy of Brazil, which needed oil and gas.
The scenic coast of Rio De Janeiro has been disfigured because of refineries. There are growing concerns about the refineries in Brazil possibly causing an incident like the 2010 Deepwater horizon rig incident.
41
What are the serious costs of alternative fossil fuels?
exploitation will lead to carbon cycle insecurity are biggest concerns
Refined technology will be needed to extract these sources.
42
What are the five alternative ways of harnessing efficient energy?
- hydro, wind, solar, geothermal, and tidal.
43
What is the issue with putting pressure on renewables?
- They will not replace fossil fuels in many or any country. Some countries do not have access to the resources needed to create this type of energy.
- NIMBYism
- The draining of lakes and rivers for HEP resevoirs.
44
How do exploration companies play a role in harnessing unconventional fossil fuels?
Many of these companies do not focus on the generation of renewables, merely the searching and locating of oil and gas.
45
What is the role of envronmentalist groups in harnessing unconventional fossil fuels?
Greenpeace has well-articulated arguments about the danger that continuing to harness fossil fuels creates.
46
How do affected communities have a role in harnessing unconventional fossil fuels?
There are benefits which can come from energy production:
- Jobs and inflows of investment.
- They should not object to each and every development.
47
How do governments play a role in harnessing unconventional fossil fuels?
- They wish to see both a stable environment and energy security
48
What are the issues relating to other resources such as nuclear energy?
- There is a safety hazard emphasized by the 1986 accident in Chernobyl.
- long-life decay for toxins.
- the cost of building and decommissioning are high.
49
CASE STUDY: The Uk's energy mix
- oil and gas provide 80% of the UK's energy security.
- Contribution by renewables remains dissapointingly small.
- However, usage has decreased nationally since 1970, despite the population growing by 6.3 million people.
- Households use 12% less energy than they did in 1970.
- However, much of this is offset by transport, with car increase.
50
What are the two types of recyclable energy?
- biomass and nuclear energy.
51
What is the difference between primary biofuels and secondary biofuels?
Primary - fuelwood, wood chis and pellets. materials used in an unprocessed form.
Secondary - processed fuel such as ethanol or biodeisel.
52
CASE STUDY: biomass in Brazil
- 1970 - they wanted to dversify energy usage.
- 4% of their energy comes from renewables.
- 90% of vehicles sold contain flex-fuel.
- Largest producer of sugar cane.
- This is concentrated in the central southern region.
- Deforestation is occurring to create agricultural land lost from biomass production. This negates the CO2 emmissions that are reduced.
53
Concept: CCS
the re-capturing of carbon before it is emmitted into the atmopshere can be pumped underground. This also contribute to the fact that we will never get rid of coal, and finds an adaptive strategy in the production field.
However, we cannot be sure that the carbon will stay unuderground. We also cannot implement this everywhere, as it is expensive.
54
Concept: Hydrogen fuel cells
Pure hydrogen when burned produces no pollutants.
Since the 1970's NASA has used hydrogen fuel to propell space ships into the air.
This is promising as:
- source of heat for buildings
- source of power for vehicles.
However, a world where no fossil fuels need to be burnt is highly improbable.
55
What is the USA's predicted energy mix for the future (2030)?
It could be argued that the US has an increasing dependency on shale gas. This is an increase of 25% from between 2000-2015. As a result, the dependence on fossil fuels will remain the same.
56
What stage of development in a country is likely to be dependent on biomass?
developing countries
57
CASE STUDY: France energy mix
- 1/10 of US consumption.
- Due to pop. difference of 331 million to 63 million.
- 41% = nuclear (50 reactors)
- 50% = fossil fuels.
- 10% = renewables.
- 46% is imported.
Geography - The Carbon Cycle
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