Who has benefitted from the global shift of manufacturing?
- Economy:
600 million in China alone have escaped absolute poverty. - Education:
There are now 2900 universities in China, India, and South Korea, and they award millions of degree annually.
What have been the negative impacts of the global shift of manufacturing to Asia?
Togo has lost 60% of its forests since 1990,
Mumbai is seeing the squeeze of culture from the Dharavi slums to modern flats. This sees a loss of culture.
What have the economic, emvironmental, and social impacts of the global shift of manufacturing been on China?
Environmental: China’s factories still run on coal.
- They are the largest investors in renewable energy globally.
Social:
- Disposable income rose three-fold in from 2000-2010.
- Wage increase due to walkouts of Toyota factories.
Economic:
- China has managed to gain a reputation for bring the ‘hi-tech’ manufacturer for the world.
What have been the environmental, social, and economic impacts of the global shift of manufacturing been on India?
environmental:
Dharavi slum area is being rebuilt into non-productive modern flats.
social:
- The legacy of the British Empire is that the majority of Indian people can speak English. This leads to higher productivity.
Economic:
- Techno-elite keep businesses which work 24 hours with high spending power.
What are the two most significant costs to the global shift?
Loss of community in slum areas such as Dharavi.
Cliamte change exaccerbated by processes such as deforestation in African areas being invested into.
What are the two most significant benefits to the global shift?
600 million people being lifted out of absolute poverty since 1990.
The increased disposable income for Chinese citizens as the middle class grows.
What are the social, economic, and environmental impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK? (Caused by the global shift)
social:
- tens of thousands of people lost their jobs
economic:
- Small business startups went bankrupt
Environmental:
- Brownfield sites were created all over cities such as Coventry.
What are the social, economic, and environmental impacts of deindustialisation in the US?
Social:
- Depopulation due to middle-class out migration from Detroit. Detroit has lost 1.1 million residents since 1950.
Environmental:
- ‘broken windows’ scenario develops. (Small problem are untreated, and therefore large crime rates such as arson are tollerated)
Economic:
- Unemployment ran at 8% in 2019, due to industry not being replaced.
Why is the global supply chain not functioning properly?
- COVID (Disposable income is spent on material goods rather than events or eating out)
- Fragile shipping system (Suez blockage of Ever-Given)
- Therefore, prices are increasing.
- Driver shortages because of BREXIT.
What are the positive impacts of deindustrialisation?
- Less pollution on British ground.
- Higher-paid tertiary and quaternary work, rather than secondary work.
- Some places have now regenerated, Leeds, Salford Quays etc.
Name some population statistics of Shenzen:
10.7 million in 2015, from 5,000 in 1950.
How have megacities changed over time?
1950 - 2 megacities (New York and Tokyo)
By 2010 - All of the top 10 largest cities were megacities.
By 2035 - It is predicted that there will be 39 cities like this.
Why do urban areas grow?
35% - Natural increase
65% - migration
What are urban pull factors impacting rural-urban migration?
- Employment
- Formal and informal sector work.
- Better education and health
What are the rural push factors which impact rural-urban migration?
- Poverty paired with population growth.
- Resource scarcity
- Mechanised farming
What are shrinking world factors which impact rural- urban migration?
- satellited, and technological connection ‘switches on’ rural dwellers. Migrants can then inform potential migrants of the realities of moving.
What is the sustainability model?
A model showing the different factors which contribute to a sustainable city.
What are the environmental challenges to megacity growth in the future?
- Water pollution
- Smog, in Mediterranean areas due to anticyclone conditions.
- India: Flooding from sewer failures.
What are the social challenges to megacity growth in the future?
- Health, education, and housing.
- unemployment can cause all sorts of further issues, such as the growth of extremist views and groups.
What are the benefits to host regions of migration?
- Fills skill shortages
- fill work that locals are reluctant to do.
- Some migrants may establish new businesses.
What are the benefits to source regions from migration?
- Remittances (28% of Nepal’s GDP was remittances in 2017)
- Migrants or their children may return, and bring back new skills.
What are the costs to host regions of migration?
- Social tension:
New traits
New policy
Old employment
What are the costs to source regions of migration?
- Loss of workers needed to fill jobs such as doctors.
- Reduced growth as consumption falls.
- Ageing population
- Dereliction because of a loss of young demographic.
What are the three types of movement of people which contributes to the creation of global hubs?
1) Internal migration rural-urban
2) Elite migration
3) Low-wage migration
