what are some examples of infrastructure investments and how do they help regeneration?
high-speed rail and airport development
-maintains economic growth and improve accessibility promoting regeneration of regions.
-mostly funded by public-private partnerships
What does the stakeholder for culture, media and sport do?
Markets the uk’s image abroad
What does the stakeholder for environment, food and rural affairs do?
Helps achieve stability as part of susistained economic growth by:
-developing rural villages
-protecting eroding coastlines
-improving agricultural industries
What does the stakeholder of non-government organisations do?
They are charities and environmental groups which reduce north-south decline by increased accessibility
What are planning laws?
-they decide how land is used to create places people want to live, work and invest in
-impact amount of development and regeneration
-local authority gives go-ahead or rejects it
What is green belt land?
Land surrounding urban settlements that is forbidden from building until government allows
-mainly rebooked due to housing need
What are conservative areas?
-strict planning regulation to small scale residential and commercial schemes
Why is the UK facing a housing need?
-ageing population as people are living longer
-more people are living alone and high levels of immigration
-housing prices have driven up in relation to demand
Links to housing affordability going dowm
What are the gov economic arguments for immigration?
-increased GDP
-extra taxes and production
-both well-qualified and lower-skilled immigrants can fill skill shortages
What are the governments arguments against immigration?
-pressure on services and housing
-social issues
-housing shortages
What are the gov policies about international migration?
Immigration growth significantly impact on economic growth and direct/indirect investment
-net migration reached 606,000 in 2022
What are the gov policies about capital markets?
Capital markets like banking and stock exchange, achieved through deregulation of financial markets
1986- ‘big bang’ - foreign banks and businesses
How to local govs compete to create attractive business environments?
-domestic investors from within the uk
-foreign investors from overseas
-highly skilled workers
What has to be considered before new infrastructure?
A comprehensive economic development plan will need to consider both new housing and infrastructure
What are enterprise zones?
-decide the incentives they give to local businesses
-tax relief
-discount on businesses rates for premises
-relaxed planning regulations
-super fast broadband
-discount on business rates for premises
-gov support for start up costs
How do science parks assist regeneration?
-attracts new businesses and start-ups
-development of innovation-led, high growth knowledge-based businesses encouraged
-often in enterprise zones
-manage infrastructure and provide original funding
What role does the chambers of commerce take in regeneration?
They try to persuade local and national governments to invest in infrastructure, education and skills training
What role does the local preservation society play in regeneration?
They aim to ensure that the regeneration and development doesn’t lead to negative local consequences
What does the trade union play in regeneration planning?
Work to ensure that employers consider the rights and needs of workers in regeneration plans
Why does conflict over regeneration occur?
Due to the attitudes and aims differing with some seeking to preserve places whilst some wish to change them
What are the four urban and rural regeneration strategies?
-Retail
-Tourism
-Leisure and sport
-public/private rural diversification
What is the retail led regeneration strategy?
-creates more businesses and job opportunities by boosting local spending
High streets have suffered due to:
-rapid growth of internet shopping
-increase in retail centres, usually located on outskirts of settlements
How does rural and urban areas encourage tourism?
-individual households offering AirBnB
-custom-built private centres
-entire settlements devoted to tourism
Why is the tourism led regeneration not reliable?
-terrorist attacks
-pandemics e.g. Covid
-the weather
