1
Q
define infrastrcture
A
the basic physical systems of a place:
- economic infrastructure includes highways, energy distribution, water and sewege facilities and telecomunication networks
- social infrastructure includes public housing, hospitals, schools and universities
2
Q
how does the government utilise infrastructure
A
- used to adress economic, social and environmental issues
- used to adress accesinility issues
- factors in importance of high cost longevity
- private sector used in combination with government for mutual benefit
3
Q
what is the HS2
A
a high speed railway which is planned to link london with northern cities such as manchester, birmingham, leeds and sheffield
current estimated cost of £56 billion however many claim it would go up to £80 billion
4
Q
why is the HS2 important for regional growth in the UKs cities
A
- shortens commute time from london (UK’s main hub)
- congestion is a significant problem for the UK’s major cities (e.g.London and Manchester), it is estimated £22 billion will be lost every year from lost time by 2025
- people can work on laptops whilst traveliing
- estimate to create 100,000+ jobs, boosting the economy by billions
- between 2002-2014 total rail journeys increased by 650 million
5
Q
What impact did the government have in 1986 on the UK’s potential growth
A
The financial stock market was deregulated, this meants that anyone could trade on the stock market rather than having to go through the London stock exchange
6
Q
What are the positives of deregulation
A
Any bank, financial advisor or individual could trade on the stock market without going through the London stock exchange. This meant that foreign banks such as Santander or Deutsche Bank could set up in the UK, this led to London becoming a major world city
7
Q
What are the negatives of deregulation
A
- more volatile stock marked and likleyhood of recessions
- government funding still may be required
- less regulation on environmental and social policies
8
Q
what are the positives of EU free labour movements
A
movement between UK and EU is much easier, this means that EU members seeking work with other EU states was easy as Visa’s didnt need to be isued, this decrease prices of importing employees
9
Q
what are the negatives of EU free labour movements
A
- Increased immigration usually inreases population which increases strain on housing and services, this may mean that there are not enough resources to support everyone, especially for high rates for population increase
- e.g. 1.2 million poles came to UK since 2004 gviing birth to 21,000 children
10
Q
What are the UK governments planning laws
A
- Decisions on how land is used, helps create an environment in which people are happy to work, live and relax in, affect rate and tpe of development, which in turn affects the economic regeneration of both urban and rural regions
- often national interests will overide local interests since 2010, the governments national planning policy framework has focused on stimulatinc economic growth
- decicions on plans are often unclear or indicisive due to the idfference in ciews among different influental players e.g. national government against the local governent
11
Q
what factors affect planning and regeneration policies
A
- legacy of past regeneration policies
- quality of the bid to government as private fincance to get investment
- politics of the local area
- legacy of the past: social, economic and physical
- location
- external factors e.g. economic recessions and booms
12
Q
what is pump priming
A
when the government allocates funds for regeneration expecting outside investment to help, especially needed if toxic waste needs removal, for example or if the area is very large. Private and charitable investment is then expected at a higher rate
13
Q
what has the government regulation been like regarding fracking
A
- since 2015 there has been a fast track system to deal with licences for fracking
- British geological society estimated 37m^2 of shale gas in North England
- increases energy security and is therefore encouraged despite environmental concerns
- UK will be forced to import 70% of its gas by 2020
- £300 billion worth of oil and gas found near gatwick airport in sussex
14
Q
What situations relating to housing affordability have taken place in recent years
A
conservative government has favoured a market led approach
- right to buy scheme as been implemented
- government sold 2 million council homes between 1980 and 1995
- house prices are ever increasing, mostly due to supply n demand
- as a result of the right to buy scheme there a re now many empty owned proparties, but population is still ever increasing and in need of housing
- increased demand but too slow increasing supply is drving house prices up significantly
15
Q
Explain the UKs situation on house building targets
A
1 million new homes needed by 2020
- the hope was that private housing associations would replace local authorities in builing low cost homes has not been realised
- there is now a shortfall in supply for housing
- government has tradiationally set targets for new affordable housing and labour led governments have fostered social housing
- > this has been controversial as targets have often not been met
- > from 1918-1940 vast amount of social housing was built
16
Q
define science park
A
an area devoted to sceintific reaserch or development of technical buisnesses. Good for an area due to investment attracted
17
Q
what role do local interest groups have in regeneration
A
- local interest groups have differing beliefs and ideas on similar issues. those groups play the role of influencing governmental plans for regeneration
- NIMBY-issm is often quite prevelant. Whilst most people would be in favour of wind power and rehabiliatation clincs, most wouldnt want those to be near their living area
- many people would prefer to have an area remain unchanged for a plethora of reasons r.g. cultural and traditional views
- > e.g. many people were unhappy about closure of pubs in new malden
18
Q
name 4 regeneration strategies
A
retail-led
culture-led
sports-led
tourism and leisure - led
19
Q
give an example of retail-led tourism
A
Liverpool ONE:
- National and local governments involved in local planning
- 2014 review highlighted the competition within ecomerce which led to an investment of £1 billion
- local authorities contriuted to planning processes, shop types and their locations
- conveniant shopping has changed to increased supply amd decreasing one stop shoppinh
- increased click and collect stations
- increasing investment in special retailers and services
20
Q
give an example of culture-led tourism
A
Glasgow city of culture 1990:
- shipbuilding and industrial work once supported the entire region, this heritage has been used to create new atttractions
- titan Crane refurbished into a tourist attraction
- on the Stretch of the Clyde you now have the Scottish Exhibition, Riverside Museum as well as the Barell Collection
- named the city of architecture
- famous architects such as rennie mackintosh involved
- barell collection created an internationally famous art museum and tourist attraction
21
Q
give an example of sports-led tourism
A
London Olympic park:
- aimed to attract buisness investment +workers ti create vibrant new places in urban and rural areas
- located in east london, olympic park
- olympic facilities used to this day
- olympic village has been converted to 2800 apartments
- westfield shopping centre has been added to
22
Q
give an example of tourism and leisure led tourism
A
cornwall:
- scenery used in film productions
- spectacular gardens
- destination tourism and visa area based on attractivness
- area is rebranded
- mining heritage in 18th and 19th centuries has been dramatised in the BBCs “Poldark” which brought the heritage to life, literarily branded
23
Q
why are regeneration strategies important
A
- in an increasingly globalised, competative and consumer orientated word, cities are forced to think more creativley about how to attract visitors and investment
- an example of this may be the change of new york slogas from “big apple” to the “city that never sleeps”
24
Q
what two elements are most important when it comes to rebranding
A
- regeneration
- reimaging
25
How is regeneration used in rebranding
- done by investing in an area in the form of developing infrastructure, it is hoped that this investment would ause a process of cumilative causation via employment opportunities, incraesed income and tax revenue etc
- a process of urban renewal may occur to this or an alternative cycle of cumulative change via employment opportunities in sports arenasm cultural centres, heritage centes and shopping and leisure centers
- This overall process is known as urban renewal
26
how is re-imaging used in rebranding projects
- when the are is sold or advertised with new packaging to change its overall impression to investors and attract more investment + people
- may just be changing the name of a place e.g. Saigon changed to Ho Chi Minh city in 1976 for political reasons
- as the nature of areas to be rebranded depends on selling it to consumers, reimaging will vary from area to area according to the target group
27
how does urban rebranding use place identity
emotional attatchment is a powerful way to make sure regeneration projects are succesgul
- in 2008, punlication historic England noted that 20 regeneration projects were off the basis of culture and place identity and ahve been succesgul in converting hisotic areas into comercially active and redeveloped urban spaces
- In urban areas this oftem means taking advantage of victorian heritage as well as referencing the areas past portrayal e.g. writers and artists portrayal of the area
28
what is the titanic quater project in belfast
- Belfast was once known for its ship building
- the ship building areas have been rebranded and regenerated intp areas of historic maritime landmarks, including significant cranes subject to Belfasts heritage, luxary ships, post-modern workspace architecture and a university campus
- despite being smaller than in the past, logistical framework for sucessgull trafes still occur and are controlled by a private company in Belfast Harbour
- in the first year, belfast welcomed over a million visitors, 70% of whom were from outside the UK and Ireland
- 2015, Deloittes comission concluded that the project bought in around £105 million in tourist revenue
29
why is regeneration needed in rural areas
- rural ares need to face diiversification due to their over relaince on agricultural porduction
- tourism is an increasingly vital mechanism for this
- changed singificantly since the 1990's due to concern over indalted porduction and environmental concerns which caused a shift to wider rural development in order to support the ecosystem services and preservation of its cultural landscapes
30
How has Brontë county rebranded
Brontë county is a new name given to a region in the west of Yorkshire and East Lancashire Pennies as this area is what inspired the famous books by the Brontë sisters who lived in Haworth
-tourists come to experience the Bleakness and Desolation described in the books
-Haworth, Dairtrade villages and towns in the Bradford area have all been linked for the ease of travel by tourists
Along side literary associations:
-Keighly bus museum
-Pennie Birdeway and outdoor activities including horse riding and mountain biking routes
-Industrial village near saltive is a designated UNESCO world heritage site, some farms have taken EU grants to subsadise and diversify their use of land
31
What was Glasgows rebranding strategy
"people make glasgow"
- £500,000 campaign
- followed a consultation which had 1,500 people from 42 countries
- > consultation attracted 7,000 website hits which invlolved 400,000 facebook and twitter users
- Professor Jim McDonald "This launch is a milestone in Glasgow's renaisance and it celevrates what makes us a great city"
32
why is rebranding cornwall important
cornwall is remote relative to the rest of the UK, journey times are long and expensive and consequently require investment
33
why do many people want to visit cornwall
- to retrace their cornish anscestry
- many coal miners emigrated to australia and canada, attracting international tourism
- BBC's poldark inspired many visitors
34
How has cornwall rebranded
Farm Diversification:
-sale of specialised products (e.g. cornish branded products) such as pasties, cheese, ice cream and award winning beers + wine
Foodie Focus:
-Restaurants at padstone (starred by Rick Stein, TV Chef) at Watergate and NewQuay (Jamie Olivers 'fifteen) and Rock have all rebranded the Cornish coast as a desitation tourism location
Spectacular Gardens: As a result of Cornwalls mild climate and Victorian ancestry, who expaned overseas and brough back toprical plants, a diverse selection of flora and other vegetation has thrived in gardens such as Lost Gardens of Heligan. The area hosts competitions regularly where contestants and spectators arrive internationally from countries such as the USA, Australia and New Zealand
Outdoor Pursuits: extereme activities such as at the extreme academt at Watergate bay in New Quay offer lessons in rock-climbing, surfing and Para-surfing
35
what economic measures can be used to mesasure deprivation
income deprivation: proportion of people experiencing deprivation linked to income e.g. low income or unemployment
employment deprivation: measures percentage of working ate people wjo would like to work but cannot due to unemployment, sickness, disability or personal responsibilities
36
what social measures can be used to mesasure deprivation
- Education, Skills and training deprivation (measures lack of educational attainment and skills in population)
- Health deprivation adn disability, risk of premature death and reduction in quality of life caused by poor physical or mental health
- Crime, this measures the risk of personal and material crime
- Barriers to housing and services, this measures both the financial affordability of housing and also how close housing is to local services. London boroughs generall score badly on the former but well on the latter
37
what environmental measures can be used to mesasure deprivation
-Living environment deprivation, this measures local environmental quality, including housing qualitty and external features (such as air quality and the level of traffic accidents)
38
How has barking and degenham progressed regeneration wise
it scores better on most measures when it comes to deprivation e.g.
Crime in Barking Town centre went from decile 1 to decile 2 and Health and disability deprivation went from decile 3 to decile 5 in Barking riverside
39
What regeneration has taken place in Barking Town Centre
1960's town centre in need of refurbishment for retail, commercial and new residential spaces
By 2014, over 400 homes and 1000m^2 of commercial space had been created
40
What regeneration has taken place in Gascoine Estate
The most deprived housing estate in the borough
Its regeneration will provide 1500 new homes by 2024 together with schools, a community centre, retail and office spaces and outdoor leisure spaces
41
What regeneration has taken place in Barking Riverside
Former power station, now London's largest regeneration site
Regeneration plans include generating 11,000 homes, parkland, 5 schools, health centres, place sof worthsip, community facilities as well as 65,000m^2 of commercial, retail and leisure space intended to create 6,000 jobs by 2020
42
What regeneration has taken place in Dagenham Dock
An industrial site with 200 fuel and chemical tanks and derelict land
-now a sustainable buisness area e.g. a bottle recycling area (recucling 10% of UK's plasic bottles) and an areobic digersion plant producing biogas
43
What regeneration has taken place in Beam Park / Dagenham South
Land previously occupied by Ford, 40,000m^2 on western side will be used for workplaces
A hotel and a pub already employ local residents
44
What is some evidence that Barking and Dagenham are is in need of regeneration
- 40-60% earn below UK average weekly wage
- 36% of people are in low income jobs
- 15.8% less people on high incomes compated to UK average whereas London as a whole is 5.3% above, showing a mismatch regarding the borough
- Also 6.8% more people on low income compared to UK average where as London as a whole has 4.2% less people
45
What investment strategies are used in urban regeneration
- private investment
- public sector investment
- public-private partnership
- strategies
46
define private investment
example of retail-led regeneration isn stratford westfield, australian company westfield owns 50% of the development and rent out the other spaces to retail companise
47
define public sector investment
Example of sport led regeneration in London Olympic park
Government bid for olumpics supported by the London Assembly and London Mayor
£9.3 billion to host and costs were recovered through tickets
48
define public-private partnership
example of market-led regeneratoin in the London Docklands. Partnership between the government and propeprty developers who creatied buildings, jobs and housing. In return private sector was awarded grants, land and tax incentives from the government
49
define strategies
aim for best valie for money out of investment e.g. private investments for governments are benefi`cial as areas improve without them having to spend any money
50
how was the central government involved in regeneration strategies in London
- oversaw the legacy development of olympic park
- london legacy development corporation (appointed but non elected agency) funded by the central government
- most sustainable olympics ever recorded and also one of the only ones with no deaths in preparation
51
how did the local governments contribute to olympics as stake holders
4 london boroughs hosted the games
all wanted to continue regeneration post 2012
but had no planning control over new developments as this was done by the London Legacy development corporation
52
How did the regional assemply face the olympic creation as a stake holder
mayor of london and elected london assemply were responsible for ensuring that transportation was effective during games
-also supporting the expansion of housing and east london economy post 2012
53
how did local economy stake holders fare in the olympic project
olumpic venues were sited on a former industrial estate which meant 207 companies which employed about 5000 people had to be displaced, theu were compensated to move
- however there were still many objections
- most companies relocated within local area but people still faced a longer commume
54
hod did environmental stake holders fare in the olympic project
collapse of manugacturing in lea valley due to closure of london docks caused dereliction, dangerous chemicals were in the river
- river and area was cleared up, new wetlands are now part of the lea valley park
- queen elizabeth olumpic park has cleaned up and relandscaped the area
- breeding boxes and nesting sites have ensured rising numbers is psecies such as newts, fish, bats and birds
55
how did the stake holders in people fare with the olympic projects
- Athletes village was put in place of former low income housing which caused 450 residents to be relocated to social housing, breaking up a community, the promise to them that rehousing would take place was never fully fulfilled
- government promised 3,000 affordible homes as a result however due to cuts it was actually 800 homes suitable for those earning upwards of £60,000 a year
56
What is rural disadvantage
- low populationdensit so less attraction to investors as rural areas stuffle to maintains sufficient customers to profit
- cornwalls young and well qualified residents are forced to move elsewhere to find work
- 20% of ornwalls woring age population earn less than living wage
57
what is objective one convergance funding
grants given by organisaiton to set up a buisness:
e.g.:
-family raises £20,000 to start a buisness
-bank hand out matching loan, £40,000
-cornwall council matches that, £80,000
-SWRDA matches that to make £160,000
-EU objective fund matches that to make £320,000
in this example the store ended up with a yearly turnover of £700,000 and employed 20 people
by 2007 580 projects were backed with £230 million
-led to Cornwall growing at 5.8% which was highest of all EU regions in 2005
58
how is EU a stake holder in cornwalls regeneration
convergance fund grants since 1999
59
how is UK central governmental agency a stake holder in cornwalls regeneration
- SWRDA made investment grants for buisnesses
| - most investment grants have been cut and are now given out by central government
60
how is Local governments/elected councils a stake holder in cornwalls regeneration
2010 council didnt have any start up dunding however it offered rebates on buisness taxes as part of enterprise zones in newquay
- public sectors make up the largest employers
- local enterprise partnership support buisness growth but only helps with export training and start up advice, altogether they recieve too little funding
61
how is local economy peeps a stake holder in cornwalls regeneration
biggest player are banks which cut down on funding since 2008 crisis
-tourism surges + industry in cornwall as well as farming and food enterprises want economic expansion
62
how are environemtal peeps stake holders in cornwalls regeneration
cornwalls alrgest asset is its scenery and environment
- national trust, royal horticultural society an english heritage all own large areas of land
- huge potential for wave and win renewable energy
63
how are local peeps stake holders in cornwalls regeneration
education, combined universities provide great opportunities for their education
investment in peoples education expects returns in the long term
64
What is the watergate bay, newquay project
- employ 50-60 people: extreme sports academy targets young adults in surfing, wave skiing and kite surfing
- Jamie Olivers 'fifteen' were 15 disadvantaged 16-24 year olds are selected each year and given training in catering
- They work in the restaurant. trained at cornwall college and are supported by proffesional chefs, profits from kitchen are used to further fund the project
65
What is the combined universities project
-aims to develop knowledge economy in cornwall and increase ranfe of university courses
-univesity college Falmouth and Exeter joined to create combined universit in Cornwall (CUC) together with Troro and Penwith Colleges
-CUC also helps graduates create their own buisnesses or secure jobs in knowledge economu in order to cut cornish brain drain
As a resilt of the student economy:
-health property rental market
-thriving economy of bars and restaurants
66
what is the wave hub project
wave power reaserch project situated 16km off cornwalls coast
Acts as a socket for wave energy converters. cable takes electricity from hub to mainland. Its capacity is 20MW (6-8 turbines)
It cost £42 million to build and recieved funding from SWRDA, EU and UK government
-4 private secor developers install devices in the hub
-The project will earn £76 million over 25 years and create 170 jobs
-biggest potential is to create wave industry in cornwall
67
what is the usperfat broadband project
over 95% of cornwall had fibre broadband, first county to achieve this, and greatest take up as a percentage of people
worlds largest fibre network which cost £132 million, £53 million which came form EU and £79 million which came from BT
Encourages buisnesses, especially knowledge economy
Independant evaluation showed it created 2000 jobs and created an economic impact of about £200 million per year
Regeneration
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