1
Q
Characteristics of poor perineal conformation
A
b. Sunken anus
c. Tilted vulval lips
d. Low pelvis
2
Q
correct anatomical sequence for the mare’s reproductive tract
A
b. Vulva, vagina, uterus, ovary
3
Q
A mare has a perineal slant of 30o from vertical. Her vulva is 10cm, 70% lies below the pelvis. Caslick’s index?
A
10 x 30% = 3
3 x 30o = 90
4
Q
- Unfertilised ova remain in which of the following regions of the mare’s reproductive tract?
A
c. Ampulla
5
Q
- Which portion of the broad ligament supports the mare’s fallopian tubes?
A
a. Mesosalpinx
6
Q
- At what stage during folliculogenesis is the second polar body formed?
A
b. At fertilisation
7
Q
- Follicle Recruitment, Emergence, and Dominance relies on response to which hormone?
A
b. FSH
8
Q
- During which months of the year are most mares in anoestrus?
A
Dec, Jan, Feb
9
Q
- The daily rhythm of which hormone regulates mare seasonality?
A
c. Melatonin
10
Q
- Which of the following is the rate limiting enzyme in the production of the hormone melatonin?
A
b. N-acetyltransferase
11
Q
- What hormone enhances the mare’s immunological response during oestrus?
A
a. Oestrogen
12
Q
- Which anatomical feature forms the only seal protecting the internal genital tract during oestrous?
A
a. Vagina
13
Q
- Mares prefer the sexier voices of fertile stallions.
True or False
A
True
14
Q
- Which of the following is an example of an Infradian rhythm?
A
c. 21-day oestrous cycle
15
Q
- Which oestrous cycle hormone is not fully inhibited by high progesterone concentrations?
A
a. FSH
16
Q
- Progesterone is produced by what cell type in the mare?
A
d. Theca cells
17
Q
- What is the biological basis for the Long-Day signal in the mare that stimulates reproductive activity?
A
a. The absence of melatonin 10h post dusk
18
Q
- The transition period of the mare can be shortened using light therapy. True or False?
A
b. False (can be enhanced and brought forward but not shortened)
19
Q
- What hormone enhances the mare’s immunological response during oestrus?
A
a. Oestrogen
20
Q
- By how much do the mare’s follicles increase in diameter per day during oestrus?
A
d. 3mm
21
Q
- What type of light best mimics natural daylight to suppress melatonin?
A
Blue
22
Q
- What intensity of blue light can be delivered to one eye to optimally suppress melatonin in the horse?
A
c. 50 lux of blue light
23
Q
What is influenced by day length signals perceived by the mare?
A
Gestation length
Foal hair coat
Timing of post-foaling ovulation
24
Q
- What is considered to be the most reliable single criterion for prediction of ovulation?
A
b. Diameter of follicle
25
28. Luteolysis is caused by the production of PGF2α by the pituitary gland. True or false
False
26
29. What is the average size of follicle that Thoroughbred mares ovulate?
40mm
27
What are commonly seen changes in the pre-ovulatory follicle close to ovulation?
Becomes more pear shaped
Loss of vascularity in the apex closest to ovulation fossa
Presence of echogenic particles on ultrasound
28
32. Maternal recognition of pregnancy relies on the suppression of which hormone?
b. PGF2α
29
33. Equine conceptus mobility lasts until what day of gestation?
18
30
34. Which is the most reliable indicator of imminent parturition?
b. Waxing of teats
31
35. On day 60 of gestation, what is the main source of progestogen in the mare?
d. Secondary corpora lutea
32
36. Which of the following hormones is not directly involved in the initiation of parturition?
a. Prolactin
33
37. What initiates Stage 2 of parturition?
c. Rupture of allantochorion
34
38. How long should stage 2 of parturition last in a normal foaling?
a. 20 mins
35
39. The circadian rhythm of which hormone is thought to regulate timing of foaling?
d. Oxytocin
36
40. Which hormone prevents premature myometrial contractions in late gestation?
c. Progestogen
37
41. According to Rossdale (1992), giving ACTH to foetuses in utero resulted in:
c. Premature parturition
38
42. Pressure of foal against the cervix causes neural stimulation of which hormone?
Oxytocin
39
List the 3 unique features of equine pregnancy control
a. Long period of conceptus mobility
b. Production of eCG
c. Two populations of CLs
40
44. Mares generally tend to foal during daylight hours. True or False
False
41
45. Pre-season swabs of stallions are taken from the urethral fossa. Which organism is responsible for CEM?
b. Taylorella equigenitalia
42
Components involved in thermoregulation of the stallion testes
a. Cremaster muscle
b. Tunica dartos
c. Pampiniform plexus
43
correct order for the stages of spermatogenesis?
d. Spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, spermiogenesis, Spermiation
44
48. Which part of the sperm cell fuses with the vitelline membrane at fertilisation?
a. Equatorial segment
45
49. According to Pickett (1989), what month of the year corresponds with the highest daily spermatazoal production (DSP)?
June
46
50. In a mature breeding stallion, what rate-limiting factor dictates the number of mares covered per day?
c. Libido
47
What influences the photoperiod in the stallion?
b. Reaction time to the mare
c. Testicular diameter
d. Semen volume
48
52. Production of testosterone by what other organ results in male characteristics in geldings?
c. Adrenal glands
49
53. Which accessory gland contributes to the gel portion of semen?
d. Vesicular glands
50
54. Two daily injections of what hormone for 7 days resulted in growth of follicles >35mm in deep anoestrous mares?
c. Equine Recombinant FSH
51
55. A double injection of what hormone, delivered 12-16 days apart, is highly effective at synchronising oestrus?
a. PGF2α
52
Normal characteristics in the newborn foal
Presence of feet feathers
Respiratory rate 20-40 bpm
Temp. 37.2-38.9oC
Nurse 6-8 times/hr
53
57. Good colostrum has a specific gravity of…?
b. >1.060
54
58. What is the most common cause of colic in the equine neonate?
b. Meconium impaction
55
59. What would be your first concern on observing a ‘red bag’?
c. Oxygen deprivation to the foal
56
Signs of dysmaturity in neonates?
a. Immature respiratory system
b. Floppy ears
c. Low lung surfactant
57
61. What is the initial primary treatment for a neonate with severe diarrhoea regardless of cause?
c. IV fluid
58
1. What part of the sperm fuses with the egg?
a. Sperm cells head
59
64. Which accessory gland produces a milky fluid?
a. Prostate
60
65. What is the correct sequence of flow for sperm cells?
a. Spermatogenesis, Maturation, Ejaculation, Mixing with seminal fluid, Passage through urethra
61
66. Which gland does sperm pass through?
a. Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands
62
67. What hormone is involved in causing release of testosterone?
a. Luteinizing hormone (LH)
63
68. What hormone does inhibin have an effect on?
a. Produced by Sertoli cells and acts to inhibit FSH secretion from the pituitary gland
64
69. What parturition hormone is found to cause abortion?
a. PGF2α
65
70. What is the most common method to induce parturition?
a. Oxytocin(most common), corticosteroids, progesterone, prostaglandins
66
71. What hormone is associated with short cycling?
a. PGF2α
67
72. What hormone is given during an oestrous for follicle growth?
a. GnRH
68
73. What does dopamine inhibit?
a. Secretion of prolactin GnRH
69
74. What is the mares gestation length?
a. 345 days (315-365) days
70
75. What is the capacity of a neonates stomach?
a. Stomach comfortably holds 500 ml
71
76. What iodine is recommend to disinfect the navel?
a. 2% chlorhexidine (1 part 0.5% solution 3 parts sterile water) Povidone iodine does not disinfect adequately
72
77. What is considered a premature foal?
a. <320 days
73
78. If a mare prematurely lactates what does this indicate?
a. Premature lactation -> didn’t ingest adequate amts, inadequate IgG content, insufficient absorption
74
79. What blood groups are associated with neonatal isoerythrolysis?
a. Red blood cells/Aa or Qa RBC type
75
80. What organism causes botulism?
a. Clostridium botulinum causes botulism
76
81. What is the primary female sex organ?
a. Ovary
77
82. What are the 2 main function of testis?
a. Sperm production and Hormone production
78
83. What hormone is high during diestrus?
a. Progesterone
79
84. What is the function of eCG in mares?
a. Luteinisation of secondary CLs during early pregnancy
80
85. Does spermatogenesis involve meiosis or mitosis?
a. Meiosis
81
86. What occurs during spermiation?
a. Release of sperm from Sertoli cells into the lumen and onto the epididymis
82
87. What does the acrosome reaction involve?
a. Fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane and plasma membrane
83
88. Where is the only location on the ovary ovulation can occur?
a. Ovulation fossa
84
89. What hormone does primary follicle depend on?
a. FSH
85
90. Which common disease of neonatal is associated with brain dysfunction?
a. Dummy Foal
86
91. A foal with signs of teeth grinding, salivation and rolling on its back are signs of what common disease?
a. Gastroduodenal ulceration
87
92. What organism causes tyzzers disease?
a. Clostridium piliformis
88
93. What is a shuttle stallion?
a TB stallion that shuttles between the northern and southern hemispheres to serve as a breeding stallion in both regions during their respective breeding seasons
89
94. List 4 ways infections are introduced:
a. Faeces, retained placenta, trauma, dystocia
90
95. Where should a stallion be swabbed?
a. Urethral fossa
91
96. What is a common cause of reproductive failure?
a. Aging, seasonality, nutrition, obesity, environmental conditions
92
97. What uterine infection is associated with abortions?
a. EVA
93
98. Name 4 breeding systems
a. AI, ET, OPU, ICSI
94
99. What 3 nutrients make seminal fluid?
a. Potassium, citric acid (pH buffers), and gel (vaginal plug)
95
100. What enzyme is required for conversion of cholesterol to P4?
a. Aromatase
96
101. When does ovulation occur?
a. 24-48hrs after onset of oestrus
97
102. What does a high, dry, tight, white cervix suggest?
a. Anoestrus
98
103. What does a relaxed muscle in cervix suggest?
a. Oestrus
99
104. When is eCG produced?
a. Day 35-40 marks the appearance of endometrial cups
100
105. What is the dominant follicle called?
a. Graafian follicle
101
106. Where does the embryo develop?
a. Uterine horn
102
107. What hormone is released on day 14 if no embryo is present?
a. PGF2α
103
108. What day of gestation can pregnancy be confirmed?
a. Day 14
104
109. How can you achieve consistent ovulation results?
a. Combining light therapy (6-8 weeks min) with progesterone supplementation (10 days) followed by PGF2α injection
105
110. What is the function of the blood testis barrier?
a. Protecting sperm from immunological rejection
106
111. List 3 glands in order that sperm passes by them
a. Vesicular glands, prostate, and bulbourethral glands
107
112. Which breed can’t be AI?
a. Thoroughbred
108
113. What weight is a full term foal?
a. 45-50kg
109
114. What 3 internal exams should vet carry out on mares?
a. Initial exam, subsequent exam (monitor changes, predict/induce ovulation), post-breeding exam
110
115. What are the main causes of weight loss in mares?
a. Undernutrition, dental issues, parasites, disease/illness, stress, pain, reproduction issues, old age
111
116. What 2 veneral diseases are notifiable?
a. Equine Viral Arteritis (EVA) and Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
112
117. What swabs are used for veneral diseases?
a. CEM swabbing, +/- endometrial swab, +/- bloods EIA/EVA
113
118. Where does fertilisation occur?
a. Ampulla
114
119. In response to foetal stress, what hormone is released first?
a. Cortisol
115
120. What stage does the water bag break?
a. Stage 2
116
121. Where is PGF2a produced?
a. Synthesised and released by the endometrium (lining of uterus)
117
122. Acceptable range of motile sperm for AI dose?
a. 500 million progressively motile sperm (greater than 65%)
118
123. Optimal temperature range for AV?
a. 44-50oC
119
124. What is Haemophilos Equigenitalis now known as?
a. Taylorella equigenitalis
120
125. What gives agar for growing CEMO the chocolate colour?
a. Addition of heated blood
121
126. Reasons for using AI in breeding mares?
a. Health & safety (physical, infectious, ‘stress’), increases stallion choice, improved fertility
122
127. Where is genital tubule located in fillies?
a. Urogenital region
123
128. Equine conceptus mobility reliable indirect of imminent parturition. True or false
False
3rd Yr Sping
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