ER

Question 1

Origin of posterior pituitary

Answer 1

Neuroectoderm

Question 2

Origin of anterior pituitary

Answer 2

Oropharynx

Question 3

Name the 3 parts of the anterior pituitary

Answer 3

1. Pars tuberalis (surrounds infundibulum)
2. Pars distalis (cellular portion)
3. Pars intermedia (remnant of Rathke’s pouch)

Question 4

Name the acidophils in the pars distalis

Answer 4

1. Somtatotrope: produce GH, inhibited by somatostatin
2. Mammotrope: produce prolactin, inhibited by dopamine produced by the hypothalamus

Question 5

Name the basophils of the pars distalis

Answer 5

B FLAT

1. Gonadotropes: produce FSH and LH
2. Corticotropes: produce ACTH
3. Thyrotropes: produce TSH

Question 6

Describe the pars intermedia

Answer 6

• associated with cells producing MSH (melanocytes stimulating hormone)
• remnants of Rathke’s pouch
• lined by basophilic cuboidal cells

Question 7

Describe hormones in the posterior pituitary

Answer 7

• hormones are produced in nuclei located in the hypothalamus and are transported along the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract and are stored in axonal dilations called HERRING BODIES

Question 8

Name the nuclei of the hypothalamus

Answer 8

• paraventricular nucleus produces oxytocin
• supraoptic nucleus produces ADH

Question 9

Describe pituicyte

Answer 9

• located in the pars nervosa of the hypophysis
• they are glial cells containing GFAP
• they surround the axons of the herring bodies and act as supporting cells

Question 10

Describe the origin of cortex and medulla and what they are stimulated by

Answer 10

• Cortex = mesoderm, stimulated by ACTH produced by the basophils in the AP (except z. glomerulosa)
• Medulla = neural crest, stimulated by sympathetic nerves

Question 11

Describe the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex

Answer 11

• 1. Zona glomerulosa: produces aldosterone and is stimulated by AGII
• 2. Zona fasiculata: produces cortisol and is stimulated by ACTH
• 3. Zona reticularis: produces androgens, stimulated by ACTH

Question 12

Describe spongiocytes

Answer 12

• located in z. fasiculata
  
  • this is why fasiculata looks pale; lipids washed away
• well developed smooth ER because of steroid production
• mitochondria with tubular cristae
• cells exhibit cluster of lipid droplets

Question 13

Describe chromaffin cells

Answer 13

• modified post ganglionic sympathetic neurons - secrete their products (adrenaline and noradrenaline; catecholamines) into fenestrated capillaries - chromogranins are proteins that bind to the catecholamines so they don’t get released - affinity for chromium salts

Question 14

Describe the cell types of the pancreas

Answer 14

• alpha cells: secrete glucagon (peripheral location) - beta cells: secrete insulin (centrally located) - delta cells: secrete gastrin and somatostatin - F-cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptides

Question 15

Describe thyroid follicles

Answer 15

1. Epithelium = simple cuboidal 2. Colloid - thyroglobulin (inactive hormone) 3. Iodine storage in thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) regulates metabolic activity

Question 16

Describe parafollicular cells

Answer 16

• alongside thyroid epithelium or as cluster of cells - secretes calcitonin: lowers blood calcium by suppressing osteoclast activity

Question 17

Describe cells of the parathyroid gland

Answer 17

1. Chief cells: produce PTH -increases blood calcium levels -decreases blood phosphate levels 2. Oxyphill cells: large acidophilic cells

Question 18

Describe the pineal gland

Answer 18

1. Consists of melatonin secreting pinealocytes 2. Pineal gland is surrounded by the pia matter 3. Contains astrocytes

Question 19

Describe Conn’s disease

Answer 19

• adrenal carcinoma - high serum aldosterone; leads to hypertension and low renin levels

Question 20

Cushing’s syndrome vs Addison’s disease

Answer 20

-Cushing = hypersecretion of ACTH -Addisons = hyposecretion

Question 21

Describe a pheochromocytoma

Answer 21

-tumor = chromaffinoma - patients have hypertension -increased production of epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 22

Describe hyperthyroidism

Answer 22

-follicles turn from simple cuboidal into high cuboidal

Question 23

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Question 24

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Question 25

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Question 26

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Question 27

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Question 28

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Question 29

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Question 30

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Question 31

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Question 32

name the cells at the arrows

Answer 32

Question 33

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Question 34

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Question 35

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Question 36

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