1
Q
what are the definitions of an error
A
- a mistake
- the state or condition of being wrong in conduct or judgement
- a deviation from accuracy or correctness
2
Q
bias is often associated with what
A
how one person treats another
3
Q
what types of bias does fingerprinting concern w
A
- cognitive
- confirmation
- contextual
4
Q
describe cognitive bias
A
the effect of perceptual or mental processes on the reliability and validity of one’s observations and conclusions
5
Q
describe confirmation bias
A
the tendency to search for data or interpret information in a manner that supports one’s preconceptions
6
Q
describe contextual bias
A
the effect of information or outside influences on the evaluation and interpretation of data
7
Q
Managing quality is essential to building a successful business that delivers products that _______ customers’ expectations
A
meet or exceed
8
Q
quality assurance is important for _____ (private/public) sectors
A
both
9
Q
what techniques are used to maintain/ehance quality
A
- quality assurance
- quality control
10
Q
“You get what you expected” pertains to what
A
quality assurance/ quality control
11
Q
what does SOGs stand for
A
standard operating guidelines
12
Q
true/false quality connects to SOGs
A
true
13
Q
true/false trained employees are of higher quality
A
true
14
Q
what do properly written SOGs give employees
A
- a reference to check and follow
- higher confidence
15
Q
what is quality assurance
A
- practice of managing quality in the development, production, and delivery of products and services
- controlling the wuality of products/ services being produced
- ongoing, circular not linear
16
Q
quality assurance aims to do what
A
preventing issues from occurring in the future by improving the process
17
Q
true/false QA is linear
A
- false
- ongoing/ circular
18
Q
describe the cell phone QA example
A
- samsung note 7 exploded
- device’s batteries overheated and caught fire
- battery design was poor, along w how the battery fit into the phone
- samsung lost $3.1 billion on recall of phones
19
Q
what is quality control
A
- process of detecting mistakes in the production of products/ delivery of services
- inspecting smth to ensure it works properly
20
Q
quality control aims to do what
A
detects/corrects issues before its released to the consumer
21
Q
whats the difference b/w QA and QC
A
- QA prevents the defects from happening
- QC identifies defects before theyre released like oh no QA fucked up lets keep it hidden
22
Q
how do we maintain QA and QC
A
SOGs/ procedures
23
Q
describe SOGs
A
- detail regularly used work processes that are to be followed
- specific to the org whose activities are described
- assist that org to maintain QAQC
- should comply w gov. regulations
24
Q
true/false SOGs are of limited value if not written correctly
A
true
25
how do we keep SOGs of high value
- write them good
- reviewed and re-enforced by management (including front line supervisor)
- current copies of SOGs readily accessible in work areas
- written concise, step by step, easy to rad
- enough detail a lay person could do it
- reviewed by 2 or more people w appropriate training and experience w the process
26
what is the KISS principle
- **keep it simple + short**
- regarding SOGs
27
how should SOGs be reviewed
- by 2 or more people
- w appropriate training and experience w the process
- systematically reviewed on a periodic basis to make sure theyre current + appropriate
- straight forward to encourage timely reviews
28
**true/false** Each organization should develop a numbering system to systematically identify and label their SOGs
true
29
**true/false** the organization should maintain a master list of all SOGs
true
30
**true/false** there is one correct format for SOGs
false
31
**true/false** there is a standard for formatting across organizations
- **false**
- internal formatting varies within each org and w the type of SOG written
32
what is the purpose of QA programs for fingerprint comparison
1. that fingerprint examiners are competent
2. that fingerprint examiners meet standards
33
what sets the guidelines that lead to the development and implementation of standards
QA programs
34
according to QA programs- fingerprint comparison, how do errors arise
- inconsistencies
- admin errors
- erroneous conclusions
35
what issues are included in QA programs- fingerprint comparison,
* Training (basic & ongoing)
* Evidence handling and storage
* Health and safety (e.g. chemicals)
* Examination procedures and verifications
* Conflict resolution*
* Administrative review
* Testimony review
* Corrective action
* Proficiency testing
* Facility requirements
* Accreditation/Certification
36
describe the shirley mckie case
- jan 6, 1997 marion ross was found dead (stabbed) at home in kilmarnoc, scotland
- investigation team included DC shirley mckie (jan 9)
- they found 428 fingerprints
- accused of leaving her thumb print in a house at a murder scene
- the handyman, david asbury was convicted of murder
- at trial, mckie denied being at the house and testified to it
- arrested, house searched, strip searches, charged w perjury
- 4 print experts said it belonged to her
- had to bring in forgein experts for trial cause no one from UK would get involved
- found not guilty at trial in 1999
- after the trial, her dad (a PO) campaigned about all the issues and failings
- TON of media attention
37
where were the experts from in the shirley mckie case
- **SCRO**
- scottish criminal record office
38
where was the print found that allegedly belonged to mckie
- print Y7
- door frame of bathroom
39
where was the print that identified to Asbury (handyman) found in mckie case
- print XF
- on gift tag
- he was eventually accused
40
where was the print found that identified to the victim in the mckie case
- Q12
- on tin box
41
**true/false** after mckie was found not guilty, SCRO admit their mistake
- **false**
- argued it was all about differing opinions
42
describe what the scottish parliament did after mckie was found not guilty
- asked fingerprint experts from around the world to compare the CS w her prints
- 171 experts from 18 countries said it wasnt hers
43
how much money did mckie get in compensation
- 750,000 pounds
- in 2006
44
describe the Fingerprint Inquiry in Scotland (2009)
- reviewed the mckie case history, but fingerprint evidence in particular
- was published in 2011
- is 790 pages in total
- has 86 recommendations
45
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, #1-4 focus on what
subjective nature of fingerprint evidence
46
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, #6-9 focus on what
fingerprint methodology
47
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, #29-32 focus on what
verification
48
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 1
should be recognized as **opinion evidence** not fact
49
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 2
examiner should receive training that emphasizes their findings are **personal opinion**
50
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 3
no more claims of **100% certainty** of anything suggesting its infallible
51
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 4
differences of opinion b/w examiners shouldnt be called **disputes**
52
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 6
the SPSA should review its procedures to reduce risk of **contextual bias**
53
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 7
SPSA should ensure examiners are trained to be conscious of the risk of **contextual bias**
54
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 8
- SPSA should consider what **limited info is needed** for examiners to carry out their work
- only that info is provided
- info provided should be recorded
55
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 9
features that examiners rely on should be demonstrable to a lay person w normal eye sight as **observable** in the mark
56
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 29
All verifiers should be **experienced examiners** who have been given special training for this task, stressing the need for **independence**
57
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 30
verifier shouldnt know the og **examiners reasoning** before completing ACE
58
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 31
verifier **shouldnt have consulted** for advice on the mark by the og examiner
59
in the Fingerprint Inquiry Scotland Recommendations, what is recommendation 32
no discussion should take place **b/w verifiers and examiners** until after conclusions
60
what was the result of david asbury's appeal in 2002
- crown didnt oppose
- conviction was quashed
61
**true/false** shirley mckie eventually received an apology
- **true**
- in april 2012
- from the Chief Constable of the Strathclyde Police
62
**true/false** marion ross's killer has been caught
false
63
what happened to the 4 examiners that fucked up in the mckie case
- 3 retired
- 1 wouldnt leave + was let go
64
describe the brandon mayfield case
- madrid bombing **mar 11 2004**
- 200 killed, 1400 injured
- prints found on a plastic bag containing detonators inside stolen van
- van located near the train station
- prints sent out by spanish authorities for search on international databases via INTERPOL
- FBI AFIS search had 20 possible candidates
- **mar 19**, FBI examiner identified it as Mayfield's print
- verified and reviewed by 2nd examiner + unit supervisot
- FBI started 24h surveillance on him but found no evidence
- **apr 13** spanish PO didnt agree w identification, FBI sent someone to explain basis, and their mind changed **apr 21**
- **may 6**Mayfield arrested and held in custody for 2 weeks
- **may 17**court hired independent expert, agreed w FBI **may 19**
- **may 19** spanish PO identified print to someone else
- **May 20** Mayfield released to home detention, eventually withdrew identification **may 24**
65
how much money did Mayfield get in compensation
$2 million *(after a civil suit)*
66
mayfield being identified was a false _____ *(pos/neg)*
pos
67
who did the madrid train bombing
Daoud Ouhnane
68
what were the causes of error in the mayfield case according to international experts that did a panel w the FBI
- *following a 2 day FBI session w international experts*
- Initial examiner failed to conduct a complete analysis of LFP 17
* Overconfidence in the ability of IAFIS
* Pressure of working on a high profile case (context)
* Verification “tainted” by knowledge of initial examiner’s conclusion
69
a signfiiant cause of the mayfield misidentification was what
1. **bias from the known prints of mayfield** did circular reasoning, working backwards from features in mayfield print
2. **faulty reliance on level 3 details** features didnt correspond, those that weren't in agreement were discounted, and clarity was too bad to rely on them
3. **inadequate explanations for differences in appearance** gave too many rationalizations to support an identification w requisite certainty
4. **failure to assess poor quality of similarities**
5. **failure to re-examine identification after spanish disagreement**
6. **FBI verification procedures**
70
what are the pros to blind verification
- helps remove bias
- more complete/robust comparisons
- reduced likelihood of errors not being caught
- catches errors sooner in forensic side of investigation
71
what are the cons to blind verification
- longer time to complete
- more pressure on examiners
- conflict resolution
72
why were mayfields print on file
all lawyers prints are on file in the states
73
Fingerprinting
flashcards
Decks in class (16)
# Cards
-
Photography review75
-
Latent Print Development73
-
Case study5
-
Recording Fingerprints (Lab 1)20
-
History and Composition180
-
case study 21
-
Comparison Process79
-
Searching, Documenting and Report Writing74
-
Proficiency Testing and Error Rates70
-
Case Study: Nov 103
-
Expert Opinion Evidence & Court27
-
case study: r v bornyk41
-
case study: idk in class one16
-
Errors and Bias- QA73
-
Research & Statistics59
-
Canadian Case Study49
