ES. introduction

Question 1

describe endocrine transmission.

Answer 1

• chemical secreted at low conc.
• by a cell or group of cells and sent to all parts of body in blood stream
• hormones act only in cells with correct membrane receptor protein (target cells)

Question 2

describe features of communication by hormones (humoral)?

Answer 2

• many cells in different parts of body
• coordinated body-wide actions
• slow to act
• effect persists

Question 3

give examples of endocrine glands?

Answer 3

hypothalamus
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
pancreas (islets)
adrenal (super-renal)
GIT endocrine cells
gonads (ovaries and testies)
placenta
pineal gland
thymus

Question 4

what are the 2 classes of hormones?

Answer 4

steroids and non steroids

Question 5

subdivide the non-steroid class of hormones?

Answer 5

amino acid derivatives
peptides
glycoproteins

Question 6

what are steroid hormones based on?

Answer 6

cholesterol ring structure

Question 7

give some examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 7

cortisol
aldosterone
testosterone (sex)
oestrogen (sex)
progesterone (sex)

Question 8

what happens if there is no receptor in endocrine transmission?

Answer 8

major problems even death

Question 9

what is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 9

type 1 = absence of receptor
type 2 = receptor not working

Question 10

give examples of the amino acid derivatives of non steroid hormones?

Answer 10

adrenaline
noradrenaline
melatonin

Question 11

give examples of the iodinated amino acids of non steroid hormones?

Answer 11

triiodothyronine
tetraiodothyronine

Question 12

give examples of peptides short chains of non steroid hormones?

Answer 12

• antidiuretic hormone
• oxytocin
• melanocyte stimulating hormone
• somatostatin
• thyrotropin releasing hormone
• gonadotropin releasing hormone
• atrial natriuretic hormone

Question 13

give examples of peptide long chains or non steroid hormones?

Answer 13

• growth hormone
• prolactin
• parathyroid hormone
• calcitonin
• adrenocorticotropic hormone
• insulin
• glucagon
• GIT hormones (secretin, CCK, gastrin)

Question 14

what are pre pro-hormones?

Answer 14

peptide hormones produced in inactive precursor form

Question 15

where is the pre pro-hormone turned into pro-hormones?

Answer 15

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 16

how do pro hormones become active hormones?

Answer 16

packed in the Golgi apparatus

Question 17

after becoming active in the Golgi apparatus where are these hormones secreted?

Answer 17

secreted from vesicles

Question 18

what are glycoproteins?

Answer 18

protein with attached carb group to amino acids

Question 19

give examples of glycoproteins?

Answer 19

follicle stimulating hormone
luteinising hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
chronic gonadotropin

Question 20

what are local tissue hormones? give examples

Answer 20

hormone - like substances have a local (paracrine effect)
- prostagrandins
- leucotrienes
-thromboxanes

Question 21

what are the functions of local tissues ?

Answer 21

blood flow regulation
haemostats
mucosal protection (stomach)
inflammation

Question 22

how do non steroid hormones act?

Answer 22

via second messenger systems within the target cell

Question 23

what are 2 common second messengers?

Answer 23

cAMP and Ca++

Question 24

what do steroid hormones do to reach the intracellular receptor?

Answer 24

pas through outer cell

Question 25

give a brief overview of hormone action?

Answer 25

- synthesis and storage - release in response to stimulus - transport in blood - action on target cells (told of second messenger ) - metabolism and or excretion

Question 26

what are most hormone Systems regulated by?

Answer 26

negative feedback

Question 27

what is hyper secretion?

Answer 27

excess secretion

Question 28

what is hypo secretion?

Answer 28

decreased secretion

Question 29

what can under or over secretion of hormones lead to?

Answer 29

endocrine disorders

Question 30

what is upregulation?

Answer 30

more receptors = cell becomes more sensitive to the hormone - increased affinity

Question 31

what is down regulation?

Answer 31

less receptors = cell because less sensitive to hormones - decreased affinity

Question 32

what is hyper function?

Answer 32

- excess production and secretion - unpregulation of receptors - failure to metabolise hormone

Question 33

what is hypo function?

Answer 33

- decreased production and secretion - down regulation of receptors - receptors not functioning