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essays Flashcards

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1
Q

the importance of proteins in the control of processes and responses in organisms

A

structure of proteins- lower activation energy to allow metabolic pathways to occur at body temp.

spindle fibres in mitosis- genetic stability- errors can lead to genetic disorders

transcription factors- can make specialised cells

control of blood glucose- insulin and glucagon- water pot

immunity- antibodies

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2
Q

the importance of DNA as an information carrying molecule and its uses in gene technologies

A

structure- stability, pass on genes, each strand acts as a template, universal, degenerate, nonoverlapping
semiconservative replication- cell division and replication

protein synthesis- transcription and translation, importance of proteins

recombinant DNA- insulin

gene therapy- inserting functioning allele using vector eg virus

DNA fingerprinting- VNTR

genetic modification- yield, reduce pesticide use- ethical concerns

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3
Q

importance of water in organisms

A

Metabolite and solvent
Cohesion tension- transpiration
Mass transport- tissue fluid and mass flow hypothesis
Buffers changes in temperature- SHC and SLH
Osmoregulation
photosynthesis- photolysis of water

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4
Q

The importance of the control of movement in cells and organisms

A
  1. Cells- gas exchange (human, insects, fish)
  2. Cells- synapses, muscle contraction
  3. Cells- control of heat rate, blood water pot, blood glucose
  4. Organisms- survival and response
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5
Q

The importance of specific shapes of molecules in organisms

A
  1. Proteins and enzymes
  2. Receptors and specificity
  3. Immune response
  4. Glucose, starch, cellulose
  5. DNA replication
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6
Q

The importance of responses to changes in the external and internal environment of an organism

A
  1. Control of water pot- lysis/ shrivel
  2. Control of blood glucose conc-
  3. Control of body temp- enzymes
  4. Reflexes/ muscle contractions- avoid harm
  5. Control of heart rate
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7
Q

The importance of proteins in the control of processes and responses in organisms

A
  1. Immunology
  2. DNA
  3. Haemoglobin
  4. Enzymes in photosynthesis and respiration
  5. Control of movement across cell membranes
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8
Q

The importance of nitrogen containing substances in biological systems

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. ATP
  3. Proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids
  4. Nitrogen cycle
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9
Q

The importance of ions in the body

A
  1. Ca2+ in muscle contraction
  2. Na+ and cotransport
  3. Water potential and osmosis
  4. H+ in photosynthesis and respiration
  5. Nitrogen cycle
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10
Q

The importance of interactions between cells and between organisms

A

immune system
synapses
courtship behaviour
competition
food chains
mycorrhizae

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11
Q

The importance of diffusion in organisms

A
  1. Synaptic transmission
  2. Muscle contraction
  3. Gas exchange/ mass transport in plants and animals
  4. Transport across membranes
  5. Plant responses to stimuli
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12
Q

The importance of ATP in biology

A
  1. Active transport- low to high conc against gradient. ATP breaks down releasing energy allowing solute to travel through carrier protein. No atp, this cant happen so inhibits mineral ion uptake in plants so cant grow
  2. Photosynthesis- LIR, calvin cycle, stroma. Reduce GP to TP- useful organic products. Respiration- phosphorylation of glucose- splits into TP- oxidised to pyruvate. ATP vital for cells to respire
  3. Resting potential- Na+ and K+ actively transported in sodium potassium pump- reestablish resting pot so cells remain self sustaining and homeostasis can continue
  4. Muscle contraction
  5. Protein synthesis
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13
Q

The control of processes in cells and the importance of these controls

A
  1. Control of blood glucose concentration
  2. Control of gene expression
  3. Mutations
  4. Mitosis/ cell cycle/ DNA replication
  5. Meiosis
  6. Transport across membranes
  7. Immune response
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14
Q
  1. Importance of water as an essential molecule for life
A
  • metabolite/ solvent/ SLC/ SHC- buffer changes in temperature, lots of reactions occur in solutions
  • cohesion tension theory (transpiration) and mass flow hypothesis (translocation)- keeps plant rigid and transports water eg for photosynthesis
  • tissue fluid- respiration
  • osmoregulation- prevent cells from being damaged by lysis/ shrivelling
  • photosynthesis- photolysis of water
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15
Q

Importance of cell division for development and survival

A
  • meiosis to produce gametes
  • clonal selection and production of plasma cells
  • crossing over- variation- disease
  • gene expression and regulation
  • mitosis- growth and repair
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16
Q
  1. Importance of proteins
Study These Flashcards
A
  • enzymes- digestion, rna polymerase
  • receptors
  • antibodies/ antigens
  • histone proteins and acetylation
  • actin and myosin
  • haemoglobin
17
Q
  1. Importance of microorganisms
Study These Flashcards
A
  • saprobionts and nitrogen cycle
  • plasmids as a vector
  • antibiotic resistance important- evolution
  • vaccines
  • gene therapy- inserting functioning allele using vector eg virus
18
Q
  1. Importance of gene technology
Study These Flashcards
A
  • genetic screening
  • genetic fingerprinting
  • PCR- producing more DNA
  • ## genetic modification- agriculture and medicine eg insulin
19
Q
  1. Importance of membranes in living organisms
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A
  • resting and action potential
  • synaptic transmission
  • cell surface receptors- immune response
  • chemiosmosis
  • Transport across membranes
  • Selectively permeable barrier
  • Hormones
20
Q
  1. Importance of biological molecules in a range of biological processes
Study These Flashcards
A
  • ATP
  • water
  • cellulose, glycogen, starch (carbohydrates)
  • nucleic acids
  • proteins
21
Q
  1. Importance of homeostasis/ balance
Study These Flashcards
A
  • osmoregulation
  • control of heart rate
  • control of blood glucose
  • ## balance of ions in resting pot (if says balance not homeostasis)
22
Q

Cycles

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A
  1. Nitrogen/ phosphorus
  2. Krebs/ calvin
  3. Cell cycle
  4. Cardiac cycle
  5. Breathing
23
Q

The causes and importance of variation and diversity in organisms

Study These Flashcards
A

natural selection and evolution

gene flow

meiosis

mutations

disease/ survival eg peppered moth
more variety= more stable as more niches and more stable food webs

talk about hardy Weinberg and DNA sequencing somewhere about measuring changes

Biology
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